Packilvanian language
The Packilvanian language is the official language of Packilvania and a regionally recognized language in Drakkengard. It belongs to the Yastero-Auroran language family. As of January 2022, Packilvanian is spoken by 1.1 to 1.5 billion people, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world by the number of first-language speakers. Furthermore, it is the liturgical language of most Paxism denominations. It traces its roots to a language spoken by nomadic people in Central Yasteria since time immemorial. It has gone through various iterations which are broadly grouped into the following groups: Ancient Packilvanian (10,000 - 2,000 BCE), Old Packilvanian (2,000 BCE to 1,100 CE), Middle Packilvanian (1,100 CE to 1,800 CE) and Modern Packilvanian (1,800 CE to the present). The standard version of Packilvanian used in Pax-Draconica is based on the dialect spoken in Bingol. However, various dialects exist. Experts estimate as many as 70 dialects of Packilvanian are spoken with at least 50 of them being mutually intelligible.
| Packilvanian | |
|---|---|
| luTamuk aluBakilfania | |
 | |
| Created by | None |
| Date | Unknown |
| Ethnicity | Packilvanians (Felines, Humans etc from Packilvania) |
| Users | 1.1 billion to 1.5 billion |
| Purpose | Concordo-Yastero-Auroran
|
Early forms | Middle Packilvanian
|
Standard forms | Standard Modern Packilvanian (Bingolian)
|
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Standard Modern Packilvanian is regarded as an agglutinative synthetic language as many affixes are appended to roots to impart and alter their meaning. The usual structure of sentences is the SVO model however some constructions use VSO. The verbs have 5 aspects and 6 moods. Nouns and verbs have 2 negations, 2 definiteness markers, 5 cases, 4 classes, and 3 numbers. 3 types of numerals are used. Adjectives and adverbs are governed by indistinguishable rules and are often placed after the verb, noun, adjective, or adverb that they are describing. 2 types of demonstratives are used. This language is generally regarded as difficult for speakers of Staynish-Codexian to learn due to the heavy use of agglutination, however, many roots have cognates and there is speculation that Staynish-Codexian diverged from an ancestor of Ancient Packilvanian at least 8,000 years ago as humans migrated to Aurora and South East Yasteria due to Feline encroachment. Written in the Packilvanian script, it has at least 8 vowels and 25 distinct consonants. The script consists of 26 letters in both upper and lower case and numbers use a base 10 counting system.
History
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ (e) | ɔ (o) | |
| Open | a |
Vowels can have long forms as follows:
- Close back long form: oo (Moon)
- Open central long form: aa (Barn)
- Close front long form: ee (Been)
Vowels have a short form as well:
- After approximates and nasal phonemes or at the ends of words |a| and |e| are reduced to a schwa.
Consonants
| Labial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ng | |||||||
| Plosive | Voiced | b | d | g | ||||||
| Voiceless | p | t | k | q | ||||||
| Affricate | Sibilant | ts | ch (voiceless), j (voiced) | |||||||
| Fricative | Voiced | v | dh | z (sibilant) | jh | |||||
| Voiceless | f | th | s (sibilant) | sh | h | |||||
| Approximant | l | y | w | |||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
Although this is the Standard repository of consonants, certain consonants can morph based on the accent as follows:
- Q, the voiceless uvular plosive, can be pronounced as the voiceless ejective affricate
- H, the Voiceless glottal fricative, can be pronounced as a voiced glottal stop or voiceless uvular fricative
- The SH sound can be any Voiceless postalveolar fricative except for the Voiceless retroflex fricative.
- The JH sound can be either a Voiced palato-alveolar fricative or a voiced retroflex fricative.
- The D sound is more accurately a Voiced denti-alveolar plosive but can be pronounced as a Voiced alveolar plosive in some accents.
- The TH sound is more accurately a Voiceless non-sibilant dental plosive. It can be pronounced as a Voiceless dental fricative in some accents. It is distinct from the T sound.
Accents
The phonology described in the two preceding sections represents the dominant sounds made by people in Bingol, the capital of Packilvania. But in reality, different people from Packilvania have different ways of pronouncing things. The table below contains a list of recordings of different accents based on the region from which the speaker originates. Furthermore, the recordings will be in both Packilvanian and Staynish-Codexian to display how their accent in Packilvanian carries over to Staynish-Codexian. The recordings are of the following sentence in Staynish-Codexian:
Noi is my keeper, I lack nothing. She makes me lie down in green meadows and walks me beside tranquil waters.
— Psalms of Rabaas 23:1, Vagumar
As well as in Packilvanian:
BuNoi bugard abumin. Bumedaqa burushtar buayn netashqar neverit nadina bumarsha obumin bunayeer nobakil notranqal.
— Psalms of Rabaas 23:1, Vagumar
| Accent | Region | Recording | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukhanarian | Ukanar | ||
| Jumhurian | Jumhurikesh | ||
| Fidakarian | Fidakar | ||
| Ashurian | Ashura | ||
| Iganarian | Iganar | ||
| Rigaryatian | Rigaryat | ||
| Shakarian | Shakar | ||
| Standard (Bingolian) | Mekedesh and Bingol |
Phonotactics
In Packilvanian, the default stress is on the penultimate syllable of the world unless shifted by a long vowel. Consonant clusters of more than three distinct consonantal sounds are nonexistent. A word cannot end in a long vowel. The letter "h" is pronounced as a sibilant at the start of a word and if in the middle of a word it is surrounded by vowels. It is pronounced as an aspirant at the end of words or after voiceless consonants if in the middle of the word. Although Packilvanian permits consonant clusters of 2 consonants, not all possible permutations of 2-consonant clusters are allowed. Nasal consonants cannot precede any other consonant. Long vowels cannot form part of a diphthong. Not all these phonotactics are applicable in all accents.
Orthography
Packilvanian is written in the Packilvanian Script which comes in two official forms: the Cursive and Regular versions. The Regular version is an alphabet as every glyph represents either a consonant or a vowel. In contrast, the Cursive version is a hybrid abjad that uses diacritics to mark vowels in the middle of words. Vowels are only written when they appear as the first letter of a word. Vowels can be omitted altogether in Cursive as is regularly the case in most settings as the vowels can be inferred by the reader. The letter "I" is technically not represented at all and must be inferred in some texts. Languages that use Packilvanian Script can adapt it to suit their needs. For instance, languages that have diphthongs can use multiple diacritics on top of each other to represent those sounds. Languages that devoice or prenasalize sounds can use appropriate diacritics. Thus, Packilvanian can act as a universal phonetic-based writing style for any language in the world. Cursive Packilvanian can be written without lifting the hand except to add diacritics making it highly efficient for languages that are typically written on paper or parchment.
Grammar
Nouns
Nouns are marked for class, case, and number. Packilvanian nouns are built as follows:
(Negation)-Definiteness-Case-class-number-root.
Definiteness
Definiteness is marked by the tone of the first syllable of the word.
- Indefiniteness: High tone
- Definiteness: Low tone
Negation
Negation is marked with an 'n' (or a ne if the word starts with a consonant) and always occurs at the start of a word.
Cases
The are 4 types of case markers. Case markers indicate what entities are having the action done to them or are doing the action in relation to other entities within a sentence. The cases are as follows:
- The nominative and accusative cases are unmarked within the sentence and are usually determined by the order in which they appear in the sentence. For example: The sentence "The man broke the key" is translated as "Muwat mujahalam luklef". Muwat is the subject (or in the nominative case) while the object is luklef, which is in the accusative case. If you want to change the structure of the sentence so that the object is in the predicate or head of the clause then you add an "o-" to indicate the object (I.e., to mark the predicate as in the accusative case). For example: "The key was broken by the man" is "Oluklef lujahalam muwat". As you will notice, the class of the verb changes to that of the new noun in the head of the clause.
- The locative case indicates that the noun is is site at which the action is being done. It precludes the need for a position-marking adjective or adverb. It is indicated by the "we-" prefix. For example. "The man drove the car into the wall" is "Muwat mushareed lushareed weludan".
- The instrumental case indicates that a noun is being used by another noun to accomplish a task. It is indicated by the "ye-" prefix. For example: "I am playing the song on the lute by ear" is "Misam lulud welusitar yeluqaw".
- The infinitive is used to mark a non-finite verb that has noun-like properties in the context in which is is used. It is indicated through the "sha-" prefix. For example the sentence "You often go to the pub to get a drink" translates to "Duqadan weluturvan shakun lugua".
Classes
Classes or genders go after cases and before numbers. There are two classes: the "-m-" infix is used for sentient things while the "-l-" infix is used for non-sentient things.
For example:
- The Sultan in Packilvania is muShultan
- The book in Packilvanian is luKitab
Number
Markers of quantity or amount go after the class infix and before the root or stem of the word. The marker for plural is "-e-" while that of the singular is "-u-". Uncountable things like water or sand are regarded as singular. For example:
- The business in Packilvanian is luChubal
- The days in Packilvania are leYam
- The teacher in Packilvanian is muRab
- The councilmen in Packilvania are meWatmijhalis
Verbs
Verbs are constructed as follows: [contextual prefixes]-[root]-[adverbial suffixes]-[inflectional suffixes].
- Contextual prefixes are those of the noun to which the verb is related i.e. Definiteness-negation-class-number
- Root is the stem of the word
- Adverbial suffixes are roots of adverbs that modify the verb such as quality, quantity, size etc.
- Inflectional suffixes tell you the aspect and mood.
Contextual prefixes and pronomiality
Verbs in Packilvanian are prefixed with the same prefixes as their subject. These are called contextual prefixes because they tell you the context of the subject. By extension, verbs in Packilvanian have pronomial properties for the subject. However, they are not marked for the case as it is assumed they are always referring to the subject which is always in the nominative case (which is unmarked). For instance, bemanje means they eat. This means that you do not need the pronoun of the subject to understand who and what is doing the action described by the verb. Thus they are applied in the same order as the nouns as follows (refer to the noun section for more info):
| Negation | Class | Number | Root |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not | Type of word | Number of entities | Stem of the word |
Adverbial suffixes
Adverbial suffixes are added between the root and the inflectional suffixes. They describe or modify the verb performed. They must appear in a specific order as indicated in the modifiers and descriptors section.
Aspect
Verbs are inflected for time as follows:
| Tense | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-past | Past | |||
| Aspect | Perfect | none, for example : bemanje | -am or -m, for example bemanjam | |
| Imperfective | Habitual | none, for example bemanje | -ad or -d, for example: bemanjad | |
| Continuous | -ul or -l, for example bemanjedol | -us - or -s, for example: bemanjegum | ||
Inflectional suffixes (markers of aspect and mood) are appended to the end of the word as follows:
| Root | Adverbial suffixes | Applicative mood | Reciprocal or associative mood | Imperative mood | Optative mood | Interrogative mood | Aspect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N/A | N/A | For or on behalf of | To itself or to another entity in the same group | Command or instruction | Wish or uncertainty | Question | Movement through time and space |
| N/A | N/A | -por or - epor | -shalv or - eshalv / -chas or -echas | -ku or -eku | -qar or -eqar | -fi or -efi | Look at table above |
Indicative mood
This is the default mood and it states things as fact. It usually follows the word order: subject verb object
- Present perfect/habitual form: I speak with my mom everyday. Mitad muyam muma amin.
- Present continuous form: My friend is playing with her doll. Musol amin mukhelul yeqad adhun.
- Past perfect form: The teacher had spoken to me about my behaviour. Murab mutadam min welubahad amin.
- Past habitual form: We used to race to the cafeteria after school. Wathulad futar lumadras welushaammul
- Past continuous form: The man had no business soliciting money from his friends. Luwat nelurakht lukhimas ludinar welesol adhun.
Interrogative mood
This mood is used to ask questions. Interrogative clauses are formed by appending the suffix -fi or-efi to a word such as -Memulfi (Do they eat? or Are they eating?).
- Non past perfect/non past habitual: Will you ask your friend what his plans are for the holidays? Duqeerfi musol adu welexan adhun weleyamdan?
- Past perfective: Have the soldiers returned from their campaign? Mesuldat menahedfim welukhravan aishne?
- Past continuous: Were they riding their bicycles in the garden? Ishshareedfis ledaraaja aishne welujardin?
- Past habitual: Did you often find yourself wondering what your purpose is? Dulaktchasfid tafkirus lutsiha adu?
- Non past continuous: Will you see a lot of people walking on the street? Dunarafil lumustaf leshabil lethaar welushari?
Optative
Optative mood is used to indicate that there is uncertainty or to indicate a wish about whether an event will occur. This is done by appending the suffix -qar or -eqar to the end of the word. For example: Bemanjeqar (They might be eating)
Imperative mood
The imperative mood indicates a command or instruction. This is indicated by a appending the suffix -ku or -eku to the end of the word. For example: Bemanjeku! (Eat!). Imperative mood may not be used with optative, or interrogative moods.
Reciprocal and associative mood
The reciprocal mood indicates that that the verb is doing something to itself. The suffix -shalv is used to indicate this. For instance bemanjeshalv (They eat themselves).
The associative mood is used to indicated that the subject and the object are part of the same group but are distinct entities. The reciprocal and associative moods cannot be used together. This rule may be broken in poetry for artistic reasons but is highly uncommon in everyday speech. It is formed by appending the suffix -chas or -echas to the end of the word. For example: Bemanjechas (They eat something in the same group).
Applicative mood
This means to do something for or on behalf of another using the suffix -epor or -por For instance: Bemanjepor (They eat for/on behalf of someone/something else).
Demonstratives
Demonstratives are used to determine entités that are being referred to.
- Distal: -qa (leqa, veqa, neqa: those, luqa, nuqa and vuqa: that)
- Proximate: -arud (learud, nearud, and vearud: these, luarud, nuarud and vuarud: this)
Pronouns
| This page (or section) is a work in progress by its author(s) and should not be considered final. |
Pronouns are inflected for case and class where applicable:
- First person indicates that the speaker or a group of which the speaker is a part is performing the action or having the action performed on them. The first person pronoun replaces their names or any another reference. The prefix can appear as either a word or a stand along word as follows:
- In the singular form, the prefix mi- is used or the word min. If the speaker is the subject then, the prefix mi replaces the noun as well as the case and other initial markings on the verb root. For instance: "Mitad muMeer" means "I speak to the Governor". If the roles are reversed then the sentence would change as follows: muMeer mutad min.
- In the plural form, to include the addressee, the pronoun prefix is Wa and the stand alon word is Wan. "Wasalam welumajhid" means "We prayed at the Temple". Alternatively, it can be: "The teacher spoke to us", that being "Murab mutadam wan". Alternatively, the pronoun can be placed at the head of the sentence as follows "Owan metadas muMeer" means "We were spoken to by the Governor". To exclude the addressee, you would use the prefix sil- and the word silne as follows: "We are finishing the business we started". "Silnahal luchubal lubidayt silne ".
- Second person: This indicates the addressee.
- The singular form used the the Du prefix and Dun word. For example: You are not allowed to speak to the Sultan. Nedurakht khatad wemuShultan.
- The plural form is zu and it works as follows: "You donate all your money to charitable causes", which in Packilvanian is Zuzakat ludinar luned azun welejahud lezakatiya. In this sentence, the plural second person pronoun zun or you is in the genitive case.
- Third person indicates someone or a group that the speaker is speaking to the addressee about. The following pronouns apply.
- To speak about someone or something in the singular third person form, the prefix dhu- is used and the stand alone word dhun is used. For example, the sentence "John came by the house last summer. He brought a basket of apples". In Packilvanian this would be: "luIhan luyatam lusayf lumad welubayt. Dhuahdur lusala aletufaah". Another example is "I have not seen him since he drove by. Have you looked for him in the shed?" In Packilvanian this would be, "Neminara dhun sayinka dhushareed wehuna. Dunarafim dhun welutasalit?"
- To speak about a group, you would use the prefix "ish-" and the pronoun "ishne". For example: "They had a meeting with their boss yesterday". This is "Ishmijhalis lulamish lumaharaj aluishne".
Modifiers and descriptors
Adverbs and adjectives are grammatically treated the same, thus linguists do not make a distinction between the two, giving rise to the use of the loose term "modifiers" and "descriptors".
The class Prefix of the noun or verb that the modifier is modifying is attached to the root of the modifier. For example: LuBakhilfanya lujikhantalia (Gigantic Packilvania) or Luashamiliya lurapadin (Assimilate(s) quickly). In the case of imperatives whereby the subject of the verb is unclear, the root of the modifier may be used alone, for example: Ashamiliya rapadin! (Assimilate quickly) If the subject of the verb is known, the class prefix of the subject can be attached to the modifier, for instance: Bedu, beenekomimi, berejem berashambalia obeBakhilfanya. Ashamiliya berapadin! (You, Nekomimi, must resemble the Packilvanians! Assimilate quickly!)
The modifiers appear in the following order:
- Quantity, number, order or frequency
- Quality or opinion.
- Direction or position or relation
- Size.
- Age.
- Shape.
- Color.
- Proper adjective (often nationality, other place of origin, or material)
- Purpose or qualifier.
A noun for example would be as follows: The ten beautiful big old long blue Packilvanian cooking knives is vemashat vedekha vepulkhra vemaknir vejener vechuhul velazul veBakhilfaniya vekuyseen.
A verb for example: Fly once quickly northward everywhere today would be Vailnganutevroomboriyaahmnayloqashabatqaku in the imperative or Luvail lunganute luvroom luboriya luahmanayloqa lushabat in the indicative (which implies a subject).
Postpositions
The location of the subject, object or instrument relative to another is usually implied by the use of the locative case. However, to specify the relative position, special modifiers called postpositions are used. For example:
- -beneyath: beneath, under or underneath
- -ubuv: above
- -ashidi: beside
- -akhansta: against
- -dupa: on top of, on
- -aye: with (not to be confused with the instrumental case)
- -munga: among
- -idaween: between
- -akhrono: during
- -ayn: within, in
- -xepet: except, excluding
- -gurash: across
- -nayeer: near, close
- -joor: through
- -vah: off
- -rotunda: around
- -berefia: before
- -futar: after
- -far: far
Diminutive, intensive and feminisation
These are used to show something to a smaller degree: the suffix -amne or -mne can be added as a suffix to noun, verb or modifier. This can be doubled to further diminuate the word concerned. For example, luwayeet (man) becomes luwayeetamne (small man) which can become luwayeetamnemne (a very small or pathetic man). Double diminutive are often used as pejoratives.
Intensive forms have the suffix -gur or -agur. intensive word form is one which denotes stronger, more forceful, or more concentrated action relative to the root on which the intensive is built. For example: Manje (eat) becomes manjegur (devour) becomes manjegurgur (consume gluttonously). Double intensives are also pejoratives in many cases.
Packilvanian does not have sex-based grammatical gender but a suffix can be added to a word to feminise it. -Elea and -lea are the official root however a simple -a, -ia and -lia have been used to effeminise words. Non-feminised words also use the latter three at their ends. For example lumedichi (doctor) becomes lumedichilea (female doctor). Feminisation applied to men is regarded as a pejorative.
Subordinates and conjunctions
These words join two or more clauses and phrases. These are grammatically adverbs. The constructions work similarly to Staynish-Codexian.
- Aladha: Although, though, even though
- Akhausa: Because
- Rashalta: As a result
- Nadina: And, as well as
- Neshtemne: Nevertheless
- Nemudwanad: Notwithstandin
- Oor: Or
- Sayinka: Since
- Soobaqaintalia: Subsequently
- Tarafar: Therefore
- Tilha: Until
- Pushtar: Despite
- Khawayar: However
Numbers
Numbers describe a numerical quantity. Packilvanian uses its own numerals and it uses a base ten system. Further there are three types of numbers: cardinals, ordinals and frequentials. A "t" is added at the end of a cardinal to make it an ordinal however if the cardinal already ends in a "t", then an "et" must be added to end of the cardinal to make it an ordinal. "Shan" is added at the end of a cardinal to make it a frequential.
| Cardinal | Ordinal | Frequency | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Staynish Numeral | Packilvanian Numeral | ||
| -raj | 0 | 0 | None | None |
| -ikht | 1 | 
|
-ikhtet | -ikhteshan |
| -dush | 2 | 
|
-dasht | -dushashan |
| -taar | 3 | 
|
-taart | -tarshan |
| -vaar | 4 | 
|
-vaart | -veyeershan |
| -sunk | 5 | 
|
-sunkt | -veyeefshan |
| -saash | 6 | 
|
-sasht | -sashan |
| -shvaan | 7 | 
|
-shvaant | -sheevanshan |
| -gat | 8 | 
|
-gatet | -gashan |
| -naan | 9 | 
|
-naant | -nashan |
| -dakt | 10 | 
|
daktet | -daktashan |
| -laav | 11 | 
|
-laavt | -laavshan |
| -sool | 12 | 
|
-soolt | -soolshan |
| -sool na ikht | 13 (12+1) | -
|
||
| -sool na dush | 14 (12+2) | -
|
||
| -sool na taar | 15 (12+3) | -
|
||
| -sool na vaar | 16 (12+4) | -
|
||
| -sool na sunk | 17 (12+5) | -
|
||
| -sool na saash | 18 (12+6) | -
|
||
| -sool na shvaan | 19 (12+7) | -
|
||
| -sool na gat | 20 (12+8) | -
|
||
| -sool na naan | 21 (12+9) | -
|
||
| -sool na dakt | 22 (12+10) | -
|
||
| -sool na laav | 23 (12+11) | -
|
||
| -sool-dasht | 24 (12*2) |
|
||
| -sool-taart | 36 (12*3) |
|
||
| -sool-vaart | 48 (12*4) |
|
||
| -sool-sunkt | 60 (12*5) |
|
||
| -sool-saasht | 72 (12*6) |
|
||
| -sool-shvaant | 84 (12*7) |
|
||
| -sool-gatet | 96 (12*8) |
|
||
| -sool-naant | 108 (12*9) |
|
||
| -sool-dakt | 120 (12*10) |
|
||
| -sool-laavt | 132 (12*11) |
|
||
| -hash | 144 (12*12) | 
|
-hasht | -gureleenashan |
| -khur | 1,728 (144*12) | 
|
-khurt | -khurileenashan |
| -jeed | 20,736 (1728*12) |
|
jeedet | -jeedshan |
| -maq | 248,832 (20736*12) |
|
-maqalt | -meqaleenshan |
| -taq | 2,985,984 (248,832*12) |
|
-taqalt | -taqshan |
| -wak | 5,159,780,352 (2,985,984*1,728) |
|
-wakt | -wakshan |
| -zoor | 8,916,100,400,000 (5,159,780,352 *1,728) |
|
-zoort | -zoortshan |
Here is a example of a number:
| Staynish numeral | Staynish name | Packilvanian name | Packilvanian numerals | Calculation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 781 | Seven hundred and eighty one | Hash-sukt na sool-sunkt na ikht | - -
|
5*144+12*5+1 |
| 68,493 | Sixty two thousand, eight hundred and nineteen | Jeed-taart na khur-taart na hash-shvaant na sool-shvaant na naan | - - - -
|
20736*3+1728*3+144*7+12*7+9 |
| 100 | One hundred | Sool-naant na dakt | -
|
12*9+10 |
| 56 | Fifty six | Sool-vaar na dash | -
|
12*4+8 |
Calendar and Time
The Packilvanian calendar uses the Common Era lunisolar calendar. The months match up but the weekdays are vastly different. Each week comprises 12 days. A month is called a "Dool", a Day is called a "Yam" and a Week is called a "Iskar". The day comprises 20 hours of 72 minutes each. An hour is called a "Hoor" and a minute is called a "Tash" while a second is called a "Jum".
| Months | Weekdays | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| January | Ishahan | 1 | Xariq |
| February | Qalahid | 2 | Yazoom |
| March | Odihan | 3 | Ashmal |
| April | Jahar | 4 | Estaar |
| May | Subal | 5 | Mikhaal |
| June | Dinesh | 6 | Kubraal |
| July | Waseem | 7 | Zriaal |
| August | Hayaad | 8 | Shadool |
| September | Qowal | 9 | Pasheed |
| October | Kharaat | 10 | Miyatar |
| November | Tharaan | 11 | Sokar |
| December | Dhuyeel | 12 | Sowad |
If you want to tell someone one the time is, there are two options:
- Digital time: Here you say the numbers on a digital clock for example if the time is 19:67, the you say Sool na Shvaan sool-sunkt na shvaan (Nineteen sixty seven).
- Analogue time: There are two ways:
- When you have passed the half way point of the hour, I.e., 36 minutes, You say the number of minutes until the coming hour. For example: if the time is 17:65, you say Shvaan tulha sool na saash (7 to 18).
- When you have not passed the half way point then you say how many minutes have passed in the hour you are currently in. For example if the time is 09:34, you say: Sool-dasht na dakt sayinka Naan (Thirty four since nine).
- When you want to say approximately half way, you say that you are in the middle of the hour you are in: if the approximate time is 10:36, you say Derj Dakht (Half ten).
- When you want to say approximately a quarter past the start of the hour, for example 12:18, you say, Verj Sayinka Sool (A fourth since 12).
- When you want to say a quarter to the next hour, for example 3:54, you say, Verj tulha Vaar (A fourth to 12).
- When you want to say a third from the current hour, for example 6:24, you say Terj Sayinka Saash (A third since 6).
- When you want to say a third to the next hour, for instance 7:48, you say Taarj tulha Gat (A third until 8). This formula applies for a 6th, 8th or 12th of the hour