Packilvanian language

Packilvanian
luTamuk aluBakilfania
Created by	None
Date	Unknown
Ethnicity	Packilvanians (Felines, Humans etc from Packilvania)
Users	1.1 billion to 1.5 billion
Purpose	Concordo-Yastero-Auroran Yastero-Auroran Central-Eastern Yasterian Central Yasterian Greater Bakil Southern Bakil Bingol Packilvanian
Early forms	Middle Packilvanian Old Packilvanian Ancient Packilvanian
Standard forms	Standard Modern Packilvanian (Bingolian)
Dialects	Standard Modern Packilvanian (Bingol) Ashurian Fidakarian Shakarian Ukhanarian Drakkengardian
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

The Packilvanian language is the official language of Packilvania and a regionally recognized language in Drakkengard. It belongs to the Yastero-Auroran language family. As of January 2022, Packilvanian is spoken by 1.1 to 1.5 billion people, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world by the number of first-language speakers. Furthermore, it is the liturgical language of most Paxism denominations. It traces its roots to a language spoken by nomadic people in Central Yasteria since time immemorial. It has gone through various iterations which are broadly grouped into the following groups: Ancient Packilvanian (10,000 - 2,000 BCE), Old Packilvanian (2,000 BCE to 1,100 CE), Middle Packilvanian (1,100 CE to 1,800 CE) and Modern Packilvanian (1,800 CE to the present). The standard version of Packilvanian used in Pax-Draconica is based on the dialect spoken in Bingol. However, various dialects exist. Experts estimate as many as 70 dialects of Packilvanian are spoken with at least 50 of them being mutually intelligible.

Standard Modern Packilvanian is regarded as an agglutinative synthetic language as many affixes are appended to roots to impart and alter their meaning. The usual structure of sentences is the SVO model however some constructions use VSO. The verbs have 5 aspects and 6 moods. Nouns and verbs have 2 negations, 2 definiteness markers, 5 cases, 4 classes, and 3 numbers. 3 types of numerals are used. Adjectives and adverbs are governed by indistinguishable rules and are often placed after the verb, noun, adjective, or adverb that they are describing. 2 types of demonstratives are used. This language is generally regarded as difficult for speakers of Staynish-Codexian to learn due to the heavy use of agglutination, however, many roots have cognates and there is speculation that Staynish-Codexian diverged from an ancestor of Ancient Packilvanian at least 8,000 years ago as humans migrated to Aurora and South East Yasteria due to Feline encroachment. Written in the Packilvanian script, it has at least 8 vowels and 25 distinct consonants. The script consists of 26 letters in both upper and lower case and numbers use a base 10 counting system.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	ɛ (e)		ɔ (o)
Open		a

Vowels can have long forms as follows:

• Close back long form: oo (Moon)
• Open central long form: aa (Barn)
• Close front long form: ee (Been)

Vowels have a short form as well:

• After approximates and nasal phonemes or at the ends of words |a| and |e| are reduced to a schwa.

Consonants

		Labial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Postalveolar	Velar	Glottal	Uvular
Nasal		m		n				ng
Plosive	Voiced	b		d					g
	Voiceless	p		t					k	q
Affricate	Sibilant				ts		ch (voiceless), j (voiced)
Fricative	Voiced		v	dh	z (sibilant)		jh
	Voiceless		f	th	s (sibilant)		sh		h
Approximant					l	y		w
Trill				r

Although this is the Standard repository of consonants, certain consonants can morph based on the accent as follows:

• Q, the voiceless uvular plosive, can be pronounced as the voiceless ejective affricate
• H, the Voiceless glottal fricative, can be pronounced as a voiced glottal stop or voiceless uvular fricative
• The SH sound can be any Voiceless postalveolar fricative except for the Voiceless retroflex fricative.
• The JH sound can be either a Voiced palato-alveolar fricative or a voiced retroflex fricative.
• The D sound is more accurately a Voiced denti-alveolar plosive but can be pronounced as a Voiced alveolar plosive in some accents.
• The TH sound is more accurately a Voiceless non-sibilant dental plosive. It can be pronounced as a Voiceless dental fricative in some accents. It is distinct from the T sound.

Accents

The phonology described in the two preceding sections represents the dominant sounds made by people in Bingol, the capital of Packilvania. But in reality, different people from Packilvania have different ways of pronouncing things. The table below contains a list of recordings of different accents based on the region from which the speaker originates. Furthermore, the recordings will be in both Packilvanian and Staynish-Codexian to display how their accent in Packilvanian carries over to Staynish-Codexian. The recordings are of the following sentence in Staynish-Codexian:

Noi is my keeper, I lack nothing. She makes me lie down in green meadows and walks me beside tranquil waters.

— Psalms of Rabaas 23:1, Vagumar

As well as in Packilvanian:

BuNoi bugard abumin. Bumedaqa burushtar buayn netashqar neverit nadina bumarsha obumin bunayeer nobakil notranqal.

— Psalms of Rabaas 23:1, Vagumar

Accent	Region	Recording	Notes
Ukhanarian	Ukanar
Jumhurian	Jumhurikesh
Fidakarian	Fidakar
Ashurian	Ashura
Iganarian	Iganar
Rigaryatian	Rigaryat
Shakarian	Shakar
Standard (Bingolian)	Mekedesh and Bingol

Phonotactics

In Packilvanian, the default stress is on the penultimate syllable of the world unless shifted by a long vowel. Consonant clusters of more than three distinct consonantal sounds are nonexistent. A word cannot end in a long vowel. The letter "h" is pronounced as a sibilant at the start of a word and if in the middle of a word it is surrounded by vowels. It is pronounced as an aspirant at the end of words or after voiceless consonants if in the middle of the word. Although Packilvanian permits consonant clusters of 2 consonants, not all possible permutations of 2-consonant clusters are allowed. Nasal consonants cannot precede any other consonant. Long vowels cannot form part of a diphthong. Not all these phonotactics are applicable in all accents.

Orthography

Packilvanian is written in the Packilvanian Script which comes in two official forms: the Cursive and Regular versions. The Regular version is an alphabet as every glyph represents either a consonant or a vowel. In contrast, the Cursive version is a hybrid abjad that uses diacritics to mark vowels in the middle of words. Vowels are only written when they appear as the first letter of a word. Vowels can be omitted altogether in Cursive as is regularly the case in most settings as the vowels can be inferred by the reader. The letter "I" is technically not represented at all and must be inferred in some texts. Languages that use Packilvanian Script can adapt it to suit their needs. For instance, languages that have diphthongs can use multiple diacritics on top of each other to represent those sounds. Languages that devoice or prenasalize sounds can use appropriate diacritics. Thus, Packilvanian can act as a universal phonetic-based writing style for any language in the world. Cursive Packilvanian can be written without lifting the hand except to add diacritics making it highly efficient for languages that are typically written on paper or parchment.

Signature of Sultan-King Namdun III of Packilvania and Drakkengard in Packilvanian cursive

A test in Packilvanian writing showing different gradations in handwriting

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns are marked for class, case, and number. Packilvanian nouns are built as follows:

(Negation)-Definiteness-Case-class-number-root.

Definiteness

Definiteness is marked by the tone of the first syllable of the word.

• Indefiniteness: High tone
• Definiteness: Low tone

Negation

Negation is marked with an 'n' (or a ne if the word starts with a consonant) and always occurs at the start of a word.

Cases

Case	Prefix
Nominative	none
Accusative	o-
Genitive	a-
Instrumental	ye-
Locative	we-
Infinitive	kha-

Classes

Classes or genders go after cases and before numbers. Inanimate and animate class markers are increasingly falling into discuses and are usually replaced with abstract class markers.

Class	Infix
Abstract	-l-
Inanimate	-n-
Animate	-v-
Sapient	-b-

Number

Number goes after the class and before the root.

Number	Infix
Singular	-u-
Plural	-e-
Uncountable	-o-

Verbs

Verbs are constructed as follows: [contextual prefixes]-[root]-[adverbial suffixes]-[inflectional suffixes].

• Contextual prefixes are those of the noun to which the verb is related i.e. Definiteness-negation-class-number
• Root is the stem of the word
• Adverbial suffixes are roots of adverbs that modify the verb such as quality, quantity, size etc.
• Inflectional suffixes tell you the aspect and mood.

Contextual prefixes and pronomiality

Verbs in Packilvanian are prefixed with the same prefixes as their subject. These are called contextual prefixes because they tell you the context of the subject. By extension, verbs in Packilvanian have pronomial properties for the subject. However, they are not marked for the case as it is assumed they are always referring to the subject which is always in the nominative case (which is unmarked). For instance, bemanje means they eat. This means that you do not need the pronoun of the subject to understand who and what is doing the action described by the verb. Thus they are applied in the same order as the nouns as follows (refer to the noun section for more info):

Negation	Class	Number	Root
Not	Type of word	Number of entities	Stem of the word

Adverbial suffixes

Adverbial suffixes are added between the root and the inflectional suffixes. They describe or modify the verb performed. They must appear in a specific order as indicated in the modifiers and descriptors section.

Aspect

Verbs are inflected for time as follows:

	Tense
			Non-past	Past
Aspect	Perfect		none, for example : bemanje	-am or -m, for example bemanjam
	Imperfective	Habitual	none, for example bemanje	-ad or -d, for example: bemanjad
		Continuous	-ul or -l, for example bemanjedol	-us - or -s, for example: bemanjegum

Inflectional suffixes (markers of aspect and mood) are appended to the end of the word as follows:

Root	Adverbial suffixes	Applicative mood	Reciprocal or associative mood	Imperative mood	Optative mood	Interrogative mood	Aspect
N/A	N/A	For or on behalf of	To itself or to another entity in the same group	Command or instruction	Wish or uncertainty	Question	Movement through time and space
N/A	N/A	-por or - epor	-shalv or - eshalv / -chas or -echas	-ku or -eku	-qar or -eqar	-fi or -efi	Look at table above

Indicative mood

This is the default mood and it states things as fact. It usually follows the word order: subject verb object

• Present perfect/habitual form: BeBakhilfanya besalaya (Packilvanians pray).
• Present continuous form: BeBakhilfanya besalayedol (Packilvanians (are) praying)
• Past perfect form: BeBakhilfanya besalayam (Packilvanians [are] praying)
• Past habitual form: BeBakhilfanya besalayad (Packilvanians were often praying)
• Past continuous form: BeBakhilfanya besalayegum (Packilvanians were praying)

In theory, sentences in Packilvanian have free word order due to the comprehensive system of cases. When most people speak Packilvanian they put stress on the first word. Thus, by putting a word in the beginning, it is the equivalent of putting stress on that word as would be seen in Staynish which has distributed its stress throughout the sentence based on context. Thus the indicative mood can, in theory, be written as follows.

• SVO: BeBakhilfanya bemanje onokuskus (Packilvanians eat couscous)
• SOV: BeBakhilfanya onokuskus bemanje (Packilvanians couscous eat)
• OVS: Onokuskus bemanje BeBakhilfanya (Couscous eat Packilvanians)
• OSV: Onokuskus beBakhilfanya bemanje
• VSO: Bemanje beBakhilfanya onokuskus
• VOS: Bemanje onokuskus beBakhilfanya

Interrogative mood

This mood is used to ask questions. Interrogative clauses are formed by appending the suffix -fi or-efi to a word such as -bemanjefi (Do they eat? or Are they eating?).

Optative

Optative mood is used to indicate that there is uncertainty or to indicate a wish about whether an event will occur. This is done by appending the suffix -qar or -eqar to the end of the word. For example: Bemanjeqar (They might be eating)

Imperative mood

The imperative mood indicates a command or instruction. This is indicated by a appending the suffix -ku or -eku to the end of the word. For example: Bemanjeku! (Eat!). Imperative mood may not be used with optative, or interrogative moods.

Reciprocal and associative mood

The reciprocal mood indicates that that the verb is doing something to itself. The suffix -shalv is used to indicate this. For instance bemanjeshalv (They eat themselves).

The associative mood is used to indicated that the subject and the object are part of the same group but are distinct entities. The reciprocal and associative moods cannot be used together. This rule may be broken in poetry for artistic reasons but is highly uncommon in everyday speech. It is formed by appending the suffix -chas or -echas to the end of the word. For example: Bemanjechas (They eat something in the same group).

Applicative mood

This means to do something for or on behalf of another using the suffix -epor or -por For instance: Bemanjepor (They eat for/on behalf of someone/something else).

Demonstratives

Demonstratives are used to determine entités that are being referred to.

• Distal: -qa (leqa, veqa, neqa: those, luqa, nuqa and vuqa: that)
• Proximate: -arud (learud, nearud, and vearud: these, luarud, nuarud and vuarud: this)

Pronouns

This page (or section) is a work in progress by its author(s) and should not be considered final.

Pronouns are inflected for case and class where applicable:

• First person: in the nominative case, the first person singular root is Min. It is used together with bu- in the singular and with be-in the plural (I.e., the equivalent of We in Staynish).
  • Bumin bukasa nobakil (I want water)
  • BuSultan bukasa khabuparla obumin (The Sultan wants to speak [to] me).
  • BuSultan bukasa nobakil abumin (The Sultan wants my water).
  • BuSultan bukasa khabuakat nupontun yebumin (The Sultan wants to build a bridge by me).
• Second person: in the nominative case, the first person singular root is Du (equivalent of Thou in Middle Codexian).
  • Budu buyal nobakil (You drink water).
  • BuSultan bukasa obudu (The Sultan wants you)
  • BuSultan bukasa nobakil abudu (The Sultan wants your water)
  • BuSultan bukasa khabujaheler weluDrakkengard yebudu (The Sultan wants to send a letter to Drakkengard by you).
  • BuSultan bukasa khabuvade lutooton webudu(Sultan wants to confer knighthood upon you).
• Third person is the most complex. Similarly to the previous others it is inflected for case and number. The third person root is Med. The suffix -arud is added to the end of the word for distal (faraway) and the --aqa suffix is added for proximal (nearby).
  • Bumedarud buwalwa nuvelha (They [faraway/out of view] eat meat) or Bumedaqa buwalwa nuvelha (They [close/within view] eat meat).

Modifiers and descriptors

Adverbs and adjectives are grammatically treated the same, thus linguists do not make a distinction between the two, giving rise to the use of the loose term "modifiers" and "descriptors".

The class Prefix of the noun or verb that the modifier is modifying is attached to the root of the modifier. For example: LuBakhilfanya lujikhantalia (Gigantic Packilvania) or Luashamiliya lurapadin (Assimilate(s) quickly). In the case of imperatives whereby the subject of the verb is unclear, the root of the modifier may be used alone, for example: Ashamiliya rapadin! (Assimilate quickly) If the subject of the verb is known, the class prefix of the subject can be attached to the modifier, for instance: Bedu, beenekomimi, berejem berashambalia obeBakhilfanya. Ashamiliya berapadin! (You, Nekomimi, must resemble the Packilvanians! Assimilate quickly!)

The modifiers appear in the following order:

• Quantity, number, order or frequency
• Quality or opinion.
• Direction or position or relation
• Size.
• Age.
• Shape.
• Color.
• Proper adjective (often nationality, other place of origin, or material)
• Purpose or qualifier.

A noun for example would be as follows: The ten beautiful big old long blue Packilvanian cooking knives is vemashat vedekha vepulkhra vemaknir vejener vechuhul velazul veBakhilfaniya vekuyseen.

A verb for example: Fly once quickly northward everywhere today would be Vailnganutevroomboriyaahmnayloqashabatqaku in the imperative or Luvail lunganute luvroom luboriya luahmanayloqa lushabat in the indicative (which implies a subject).

Postpositions

The location of the subject, object or instrument relative to another is usually implied by the use of the locative case. However, to specify the relative position, special modifiers called postpositions are used. For example:

• -beneyath: beneath, under or underneath
• -ubuv: above
• -ashidi: beside
• -akhansta: against
• -dupa: on top of, on
• -aye: with (not to be confused with the instrumental case)
• -munga: among
• -idaween: between
• -akhrono: during
• -ayn: within, in
• -xepet: except, excluding
• -gurash: across
• -nayeer: near, close
• -joor: through
• -vah: off
• -rotunda: around
• -berefia: before
• -futar: after
• -far: far

Diminutive, intensive and feminisation

These are used to show something to a smaller degree: the suffix -amne or -mne can be added as a suffix to noun, verb or modifier. This can be doubled to further diminuate the word concerned. For example, luwayeet (man) becomes luwayeetamne (small man) which can become luwayeetamnemne (a very small or pathetic man). Double diminutive are often used as pejoratives.

Intensive forms have the suffix -gur or -agur. intensive word form is one which denotes stronger, more forceful, or more concentrated action relative to the root on which the intensive is built. For example: Manje (eat) becomes manjegur (devour) becomes manjegurgur (consume gluttonously). Double intensives are also pejoratives in many cases.

Packilvanian does not have sex-based grammatical gender but a suffix can be added to a word to feminise it. -Elea and -lea are the official root however a simple -a, -ia and -lia have been used to effeminise words. Non-feminised words also use the latter three at their ends. For example lumedichi (doctor) becomes lumedichilea (female doctor). Feminisation applied to men is regarded as a pejorative.

Subordinates and conjunctions

These words join two or more clauses and phrases. These are grammatically adverbs. The constructions work similarly to Staynish-Codexian.

• Aladha: Although, though, even though
• Akhausa: Because
• Rashalta: As a result
• Nadina: And, as well as
• Neshtemne: Nevertheless
• Nemudwanad: Notwithstandin
• Oor: Or
• Sayinka: Since
• Soobaqaintalia: Subsequently
• Tarafar: Therefore
• Tilha: Until
• Pushtar: Despite
• Khawayar: However

Numbers

Numbers describe a numerical quantity. Packilvanian numerals are exactly the same as Staynish-Codexian. Packilvanian uses a base 10 system. Numbers are represented using distinct glyphs (Packilvanian numerical glyphs). They can be written out in terms of how they are pronounced as well. Numbers can be used as either verbs, modifiers and descriptors, and nouns. For 20 to 90, simply modify dekha with a number between 2 and 9. The same principle applies to other base numbers as shown below. The default class of numbers is "lu" unless the noun is specified. To add a number to the end, simply use the nadina which means and. For instance 23 is ludukha ludush luaye lutaru and 7,589 is lumileniyat lushevaan luhashamat luvayeef ludekha luagat nadina lunanya (seven thousand five hundred eight ten and nine).

Cardinal			Ordinal	Abbreviation	Frequency	Abbreviation
Name	Staynish Numeral	Packilvanian Numeral
-ikht	1		-ikhtet	1t	-ikh	1shan
-dush	2		-dasht	2t	-dushashan	2shan
-taar	3		-taart	3t	-tarshan	3shan
-vaar	4		-vaart	4t	-veyeershan	4shan
-sunk	5		-sunkt	5t	-veyeefshan	5shan
-saash	6		-sasht	6t	-sashan	6shan
-shvaan	7		-shvaant	7t	-sheevanshan	7shan
-gat	8		-gatet	8t	-gashan	8shan
-naan	9
-dakt	10		-naant	9t	-nashan	9shan
-laav	11		-laavt
-sool	12		-soolt
-sool-na-ikht	13 (12+1)
-sool-na-dush	14 (12+2)
-sool-na-taar	15 (12+3)
-sool-na-vaar	16 (12+4)
-sool-na-sunk	17 (12+5)
-sool-na-saash	18 (12+6)
-sool-na-shvaan	19 (12+7)
-sool-na-gat	20 (12+8)
-sool-na-naan	21 (12+9)
-sool-na-dakt	22 (12+10)
-sool-na-laav	23 (12+11)
-sool-dasht	24 (12*2)
-sool-taart	36 (12*3)
-sool-vaart	48 (12*4)
-sool-sunkt	60 (12*5)
-sool-saasht	72 (12*6)
-sool-shvaant	84 (12*7)
-sool-gatet	96 (12*8)
-sool-naant	108 (12*9)
-sool-dakt	120 (12*10)
-sool-laavt	132 (12*11)
-hash	144 (12*12)		-gureelt	1,000,000t	-gureleenashan	1,000,000shan
-khur	1,728 (144*12)		-khurt	1,000,000,000t	-khurileenashan	1,000,000,000shan
-jeed	20,736 (1728*12)
-maq	248,832 (20736*12)		-maqalt	1,000,000,000,000t	-meqaleenashan	1,000,000,000,000shan
-taq	2,985,984 (248,832*12)		-taqalt	1,000 meqt	-tashqaleenashan	1,000 meqshan
-wak	5,159,780,352 (2,985,984*1,728)		-wwakt	1,000,000 meqt	-wakaleenashan	1,000,000 meqshan
-zoor	8,916,100,400,000 (5,159,780,352 *1,728)