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[[Phoenixia]]: [[Labor Party of Phoenixia]], [[National Alliance]], [[Progressive Party of Phoenixia]], [[Phoenixia Liberal Democratic Party]], [[Phoenixia Akuan Party]], [[New Afragola]], [[Conservative Party of Phoenixia]], [[Republican Party of Phoenixia]].
PHOENIXIA AGENCIES

PHOENIXIA ECONOMY



Phoenixia has a social market economy with a highly skilled labour force, a low level of corruption, and a high level of innovation. The service sector contributes approximately 68% of the total GDP, industry 32%, and agriculture 1% as of 2021.

PHOENIXIA MEDIA - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Africa#:~:text=The%20mass%20media%20in%20South,commonly%20used%20language%20is%20English. S.A M]]

PHOENIXIA HEALTHCARE

Phoenixia's system of hospitals, called Krake, dates from medieval times, and today, Phoenixia has one of the world's oldest universal health care system, dated to the social legislation of the 1880s. Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by X, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract.

PHOENIXIA EDUCATION

Responsibility for educational supervision in Phoenixia is primarily organised within the individual states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years. Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue academic or vocational education. A system of apprenticeship called (X) Duale Ausbildung leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school. This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.

Most of the Phoexy universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the Abitur. The established universities in Phoenixia include some of the oldest in the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386) being the oldest. The Humboldt University of Bluckingham, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model for many Western universities. In the contemporary era Phoenixia has developed eleven Universities of Excellence.

PHOENIXIA COMPANIES - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Botswana_by_industry BOTSW SECTORS]

PHOENIXIA RAIL SYSTEM

The '''Newcastle railway service''' (NRS) is a Phoenixian railway company, headquartered in Bluckingham. The company, owned by the Federal Republic, is the largest rail operator and largest infrastructure manager in Phoenixia.

They carry out the dual activity of entrusted railway company on one side of the commercial exploitation of railway transport services for passengers and goods, and on the other hand, the exploitation and maintenance of the phoenixian national railway network.

The NRS was created on January 1, 1928 by the government of Worren Yerr to unify the existing railway companies.
At the time it was a joint stock company of mixed economy, created for a duration of 55 years, of which the state owned 51% of the capital while the remaining 49% belonged to the shareholders of the previous companies. The staff had the status of public officials.

On December 31, 1983, the 1928 convention expired and the entire NRS returned to the state, which gave it a new statute. The NSR became a PCIC (Public company for industrial and commercial purposes) and its employees were no longer considered officials. A charter of duties and multiannual programmatic plans regulate all relations between state and business.

Since the crisis of 2005 which resulted in a major strike by railway workers, no planning contract has been signed. The State still continues to offer aid corresponding to the so-called public service performances which include:

•special fares for passengers on major lines (reductions for large families, for the military, etc.),
•the exploitation of services of regional interest (ESRI) mediated by agreements with the regions that have become the organizing authorities
and, for goods, some combined transport services.

-----

The Phoenixian highway system is a network of state roads administered by the Phoenixia Ministry of Infrastructure. It is built, operated and maintained by the National Department of Transportation Infrastructure (DNIT), a federal agency linked to the Ministry of Infrastructure, and the public works departments of state governments.

The National Travel System comprises the road infrastructure and the operational structure of the various means of transporting people and goods. As far as jurisdiction is concerned, the national road system is composed of the federal road traffic system and the road systems of the states, the capital district and the municipalities.

The Investment partnership program (IPP) is a major effort to expand and upgrade the highway network apart from the federal highway concessions program. The Ministry of Infrastructure often uses a public-private partnership model for highway maintenance and toll collection.

-----

MILITARY BASE SERVICE

The Armed Forces Base Service (AFBS) is the basic service to the Phoenixian Federal Army. It lasts for twelve months, during which young men and women will receive basic military training. The Navy and Air Force program lasts for fourteen months.

Before being summoned to the army, the soldiers go through two days of physical and psychological evaluation, to determine whether they are fit for conscription.

In general, Phoenixian citizens receive a general summons on the year they turn 18. However, they can still be called for the initial presentation and examination until they turn 64, and even later, depending on circumstances.

Besides not being fit for service, several exceptions exclude citizens from service, including if the men and women are in ongoing school or university education or other vocational preparation.

Employers can also request their workers to not be sent to military service.

Benefits and social assistance

There are a few benefits and assistance that people in the basic service can expect, including a monthly allowance and cash that add up to approximately $360 – which increases as with military rank.

Conscripts can also receive family maintenance payments, housing allowance and paid for travel expenses, depending on their needs.

During basic military service, they can also request an Phoenixian defense forces card that they can use to travel on the XX Phoenixian railway service.

----

PHOENIXIA ARMY & BRANCHES

The Phoenixian Defence Force (PDF) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of the Republic of Phoenixia and its national interests. It consists of the Phoenixian Navy (PN), Phoenixian Army, Phoenixia Air Force (PAF), The Phoenixian Coast Guard (PCG) and the eagles, a special body, and several "tri-service" units. The PDF has a strength of just over 300,436 full-time personnel and 23,744 active reservists.

The objectives of the Phoenixian Defence Force (PDF) are to maintain a military organisation with the primary aim of defending the state integrity according to the defence roles as set by the government in an efficient and cost-effective manner. This is achieved by emphasising the maintenance of Phoenixia's territorial waters and airspace integrity.

The PDF also engages in combating terrorism, fighting against illicit drug trafficking, conducting anti-illegal immigrant operations and patrols, and anti-illegal fishing operations, operating search and rescue (SAR) services, and physical or electronic security and surveillance of sensitive locations.

----
The Phoenixian Army is the principal land warfare force of Phoenixia, a part of the Phoenixian Defence Force (PDF) along with the Royal Phoenixian Navy and the Phoenixian Air Force. The Army is commanded by the Chief of Army (CA), who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) who commands the ADF. The CA is also directly responsible to the Minister for Defence.
Today, The PA, with over 123,468 troops , it participates in multilateral and unilateral military exercises and provides emergency disaster relief and humanitarian aid in response to domestic and international crises.
----
The Phoenixian Air Force (PAF) is the principal air and space force of Phoenixia, a part of the Phoenixian Defence Force (PDF) along with the Phoenixian Navy and the Phoenixian Army. The Phoenixian Air Force is commanded by the Chief of Air Force (CAF), who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) . The CAF is also directly responsible to the Minister of Defence.
It operates the majority of the PDF's fixed wing aircraft, although both the Phoenixian Army and Phoenixian Navy also operate aircraft in various roles. The PAF provides support across a spectrum of operations such as air superiority, precision strikes, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, air mobility, space surveillance, and humanitarian support. As of June 2021, the PAF had 67,432 permanent full-time personnel and 9,104 part-time active reserve personnel
----
The Phoenixian Navy (PN) is the principal naval force of Phoenixia, a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the Phoenixian Army and Phoenixian Air Force. The Navy is commanded by the Chief of Navy (CN), who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defense Forces (CDF) ; the current CN is Edmund Lix. The CN is also directly responsible to the Minister of Defence. Today, the PN consists of 34 commissioned vessels, 10 non-commissioned vessels and over 100,432 personnel. The navy is one of the largest and most sophisticated naval forces in the North Arcturia region, and worldwide operations in support of military campaigns and peacekeeping missions.

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BOREAN INVESTEMENT FUND

Borean Investment Bank commonly referred to as BIB, is a investment bank founded in 1964 by the tycoon Gers Blayruz to support growing economies in Borea.

It is chaired by the founder's grandson, Mattia Blayruz, and led by another manager, Jul's Pedere.

BIB's main mission is to contribute to economic development, to the industrialization and financial diversification of emerging borean countries, through targeted investments and loans.

-- Supervisory Committee --

Dillan Grimes -
Elena Mckee -
Tiago Frazier -
Kallum Blanchard -
Otis Pemberton -
Harleen Palacio -




-- Stock --

The BIB has invested X billion in Nystatiszna and controls the imperial railroad, Keiserinnejernbanen.


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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bluckingham Capital District
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Capital District Bluckingham.png
| imagesize = 255px
| population_total = 4 150 465
| population_a-s_of = 2021
| population_metro = 10 576 300
| population_rank = 1
| population_blank1_title =
| population_blank1 =
| population_demonym = Bluckinghamese
| website = bluckingham.gov.phx
}}

'''Bluckingham''' is the Federal capital of [[Phoenixia]] and seat of government of the Capital district. Bluckingham is the capital and largest city of Phoenixia. Capital district and seat of the Phoenixian government, it is one of the most important political, cultural, scientific, trade fair and media centers of Arcturia, with 4 150 465 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, known as Greater Bluckingham, has 10 576 300 people.

As the seat of the federal government, Bluckingham is the seat of the Landsraad Parliament, the Supreme Court, numerous other government institutions and major companies in the country. Also home to numerous social and cultural organizations of national importance. The federal government contributes the majority of the city's gross domestic product and is the city's largest employer. Bluckingham is also a destination for national and international tourist trips.

Since 1975, the technological sector of the city, Bluckingham Tech City or Tech capitol, have been part of the ICHO list of global heritage sites.

----

{{Infobox company
| name = Onternational
| trading_name =
| logo =
| image =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Wikipedia:Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = ONI
| founder =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = X <small>([[Wikipedia:CEO|CEO]], [[Wikipedia:President (corporate title)|President]] and [[Wikipedia:Chairman|Chairman]])</small>
| industry = [[Wikipedia:Defense industry|Defence industry]]
| products = [[Wikipedia:Military aircraft|Military aircraft]] & [[Wikipedia:unmanned aerial vehicle|unmanned aerial vehicles]] <br>[[Wikipedia:Warship|Military vessels]] <br>[[Wikipedia:Missile|Missiles]] & Missile Defence Systems <br>[[Wikipedia:Autocannon|Autocannons]], [[Wikipedia:chain gun|chain guns]] & [[Wikipedia:munition|munitions]] <br>[[Wikipedia:Satellite|Satellites]] & space<br>[[Wikipedia:Information technology|Information technology]] <br>Electronic sensors and systems <br>[[Wikipedia:Rocket|Rocket launch systems]]
| services =
| owner = [[Phoenixia National Fund]]
| num_employees =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| location = X (HQ)
| locations = Z
| foundation = 1854; {{age in years and days|1854|08|21|sep=and|duration=on}}
| coordinates =
| slogan =
| homepage = www.onternational.phx
}}

Onterational is a Phoenixian state-owned company controlled by the Federal Chancellery, which brings together numerous companies operating in the country's defense industry. Although the customer is the Phoenixian Defense Forces, the company, through its subsidiaries, manages the import and export of weapons.

----

National army

{{Infobox national military
| name = Phoenixian Defense Forces
| native_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| motto = 'Who Dares Wins'
| founded =
| branches = [[Phoenixian Army]] <br /> [[Phoenixian Navy]] <br /> [[Phoenixian Air Force]] <br/>
| headquarters = Bluckingham ,Phoenixia
| commander-in-chief = Chancellor Carlo Cox Andrew
| minister = Denver Terenzio
| minister_title = Minister of Defense Affairs
| age = 18
| conscription = Yes
| active = 300,436
| reserve = 23,744
| amount = 6 Billion PXD
| percent_GDP = 1.2%
| history =
| ranks =
}}

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{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:45%;"
|+
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
! data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! Country
! Land
|-
| 1
| [[Phoenixia]]
| 1,043,370 km2 (402,850 sq mi)
|-
| 2
| [[Vivancantadia]]
| 831,693.88 km2 (321,118.80 sq mi)
|-
| 3
| [[Alksearia]]
| 499,176.202 km2 (192,733.009 sq mi)
|-
| 4
| [[Iphelklori]]
| 408,421 km2 (157,692 sq mi)
|-
| 5
| [[Sokala]]
| 408,421 km2 (157,692 sq mi)
|-
| 6
| [[New Calthia]]
| 228,050 km2 (88,050 sq mi)
|-
| 7
| [[Vistaraland|Valerijk]]
| 221,041.549 km2 (85,344.227 sq mi)
|-
| 8
| [[Stražská Autonomous Zone|Stražská]]
| 171,543 km2 (66,233 sq mi)
|-
| 9
| [[Balistria]]
| 165,033.79 km2 (63,719.90 sq mi)
|-
| 10
| [[New Puntalia]]
| 86,658.84 km2
|-
| 11
| [[Puntalia]]
| 83,450.19 km2
|-
| 12
| [[Louzaria]]
| 7,032.39 km2 (2,715.22 sq mi)
|-}

------

MEDIA US

The four major broadcasters in Phoenixia are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.[544] Americans listen to radio programming, also largely commercial, on average just over two and a half hours a day.[545][unreliable source?]

In 1998, the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations. In addition, there are 1,460 public radio stations. Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds, subscriptions, and corporate underwriting. Much public radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR.[546] NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967; its television counterpart, PBS, was created by the same legislation. As of September 30, 2014, there are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[547]

Well-known newspapers include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, and Phoenixia Times.[548] Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years, the price of newspapers has generally remained low, forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service, such as the Associated Press or Reuters, for their national and world coverage.[549] With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have "alternative weeklies" to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as New York City's The Village Voice or Los Angeles' LA Weekly. Major cities may also support a local business journal, trade papers relating to local industries, and papers for local ethnic and social groups. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo, and Facebook

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MEDIA UK

La BBC , fondata nel 1922, è la società di radiodiffusione, televisione e Internet finanziata con fondi pubblici del Regno Unito ed è la più antica e più grande emittente del mondo. Gestisce numerose stazioni televisive e radiofoniche nel Regno Unito e all'estero ei suoi servizi nazionali sono finanziati dalla licenza televisiva. Altri importanti attori nei media britannici includono ITV plc , che gestisce 11 delle 15 emittenti televisive regionali che compongono la rete ITV , e News Corporation , che possiede una serie di giornali nazionali attraverso News Internationalcome il tabloid più popolare The Sun e il quotidiano " broadsheet " più longevo The Times , oltre a detenere una grande partecipazione nell'emittente satellitare British Sky Broadcasting fino al 2018. Londra domina il settore dei media nel Regno Unito: i giornali nazionali, la televisione e la radio hanno sede in gran parte lì, sebbene Manchester sia anche un importante centro mediatico nazionale. Edimburgo, Glasgow e Cardiff sono importanti centri di produzione di giornali e trasmissioni radiotelevisive rispettivamente in Scozia e Galles. Il settore editoriale del Regno Unito, inclusi libri, elenchi e banche dati, giornali, riviste e media aziendali, giornali e agenzie di stampa, ha un fatturato complessivo di circa 20 miliardi di sterline e impiega circa 167.000 persone. Nel 2015, il Regno Unito ha pubblicato 2.710 titoli di libri per milione di abitanti, più di qualsiasi altro paese, gran parte dei quali esportati in altri paesi anglofoni.

Nel 2009, è stato stimato che le persone hanno visto una media di 3,75 ore di televisione al giorno e 2,81 ore di radio. In quell'anno i principali canali di trasmissione del servizio pubblico della BBC rappresentavano circa il 28,4% di tutta la visione televisiva; i tre principali canali indipendenti rappresentano il 29,5 per cento e gli altri, sempre più importanti, satellitari e digitali il restante 42,1 per cento. Le vendite di giornali sono diminuite dagli anni '70 e nel 2010 il 41% delle persone ha riferito di aver letto un quotidiano nazionale. Nel 2010, l'82,5% della popolazione del Regno Unito utilizzava Internet, la percentuale più alta tra i 20 paesi con il maggior numero totale di utenti in quell'anno.

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POST-1946 ITALY REPUBLIC BRIEF HISTORY

Italy became a republic after a referendum held on 2 June 1946, a day celebrated since as Festa della Repubblica. This was the first time that Italian women voted at the national level, and the second time overall considering the local elections that were held a few months earlier in some cities. Victor Emmanuel III's son, Umberto II, was forced to abdicate and exiled. The Republican Constitution was approved on 1 January 1948. Under the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, Istria, Kvarner, most of the Julian March as well as the Dalmatian city of Zara was annexed by Yugoslavia causing the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus, which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic Istro-Romanians, choosing to maintain Italian citizenship. Later, the Free Territory of Trieste was divided between the two states. Italy also lost all of its colonial possessions, formally ending the Italian Empire. In 1950, Italian Somaliland was made a United Nations Trust Territory under Italian administration until 1 July 1960. The Italian border that applies today has existed since 1975, when Trieste was formally re-annexed to Italy.

Fears of a possible Communist takeover (especially in the United States) proved crucial for the first universal suffrage electoral outcome on 18 April 1948, when the Christian Democrats, under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi, obtained a landslide victory. Consequently, in 1949 Italy became a member of NATO. The Marshall Plan helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the "Economic Miracle". In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the European Economic Community (EEC), which became the European Union (EU) in 1993.

The signing ceremony of the Treaty of Rome on 25 March 1957, creating the European Economic Community, forerunner of the present-day European Union
From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the country experienced the Years of Lead, a period characterised by economic crisis (especially after the 1973 oil crisis), widespread social conflicts and terrorist massacres carried out by opposing extremist groups, with the alleged involvement of US and Soviet intelligence. The Years of Lead culminated in the assassination of the Christian Democrat leader Aldo Moro in 1978 and the Bologna railway station massacre in 1980, where 85 people died.

In the 1980s, for the first time since 1945, two governments were led by non-Christian-Democrat premiers: one republican (Giovanni Spadolini) and one socialist (Bettino Craxi); the Christian Democrats remained, however, the main government party. During Craxi's government, the economy recovered and Italy became the world's fifth-largest industrial nation after it gained the entry into the Group of Seven in the 1970s. However, as a result of his spending policies, the Italian national debt skyrocketed during the Craxi era, soon passing 100% of the country's GDP.

Funerals of the victims of the Bologna bombing of 2 August 1980, the deadliest attack ever perpetrated in Italy during the Years of Lead
Italy faced several terror attacks between 1992 and 1993 perpetrated by the Sicilian Mafia as a consequence of several life sentences pronounced during the "Maxi Trial", and of the new anti-mafia measures launched by the government. In 1992, two major dynamite attacks killed the judges Giovanni Falcone (23 May in the Capaci bombing) and Paolo Borsellino (19 July in the Via D'Amelio bombing). One year later (May–July 1993), tourist spots were attacked, such as the Via dei Georgofili in Florence, Via Palestro in Milan, and the Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano and Via San Teodoro in Rome, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the Uffizi Gallery. The Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, and two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.

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1990-2022 ITALY POLITICS

Also in the early 1990s, Italy faced significant challenges, as voters – disenchanted with political paralysis, massive public debt and the extensive corruption system (known as Tangentopoli) uncovered by the Clean Hands (Mani Pulite) investigation – demanded radical reforms. The scandals involved all major parties, but especially those in the government coalition: the Christian Democrats, who ruled for almost 50 years, underwent a severe crisis and eventually disbanded, splitting up into several factions. The Communists reorganised as a social-democratic force. During the 1990s and the 2000s, centre-right (dominated by media magnate Silvio Berlusconi) and centre-left coalitions (led by university professor Romano Prodi) alternately governed the country.

Amidst the Great Recession, Berlusconi resigned in 2011, and his conservative government was replaced by the technocratic cabinet of Mario Monti. Following the 2013 general election, the Vice-Secretary of the Democratic Party Enrico Letta formed a new government at the head of a right-left Grand coalition. In 2014, challenged by the new Secretary of the PD Matteo Renzi, Letta resigned and was replaced by Renzi. The new government started important constitutional reforms such as the abolition of the Senate and a new electoral law. On 4 December the constitutional reform was rejected in a referendum and Renzi resigned; the Foreign Affairs Minister Paolo Gentiloni was appointed new Prime Minister.

Italian government task force to face the COVID-19 emergency
In the European migrant crisis of the 2010s, Italy was the entry point and leading destination for most asylum seekers entering the EU. From 2013 to 2018, the country took in over 700,000 migrants and refugees, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, which caused strain on the public purse and a surge in the support for far-right or euro-sceptic political parties. The 2018 general election was characterised by a strong showing of the Five Star Movement and the League and the university professor Giuseppe Conte became the Prime Minister at the head of a populist coalition between these two parties. However, after only fourteen months the League withdrew its support to Conte, who formed a new unprecedented government coalition between the Five Star Movement and the centre-left.

In 2020, Italy was severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. From March to May, Conte's government imposed a national lockdown as a measure to limit the spread of the disease, while further restrictions were introduced during the following winter. The measures, despite being widely approved by the public opinion, were also described as the largest suppression of constitutional rights in the history of the republic. With more than 155,000 confirmed victims, Italy was one of the countries with the highest total number of deaths in the worldwide coronavirus pandemic.The pandemic caused also a severe economic disruption, in which Italy resulted as one of the most affected countries.

In February 2021, after a government crisis within his majority, Conte was forced to resign and Mario Draghi, former president of the European Central Bank, formed a national unity government supported by almost all the main parties, pledging to oversee implementation of economic stimulus to face the crisis caused by the pandemic.

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ITALY ECONOMY

Italy has a major advanced capitalist mixed economy, ranking as the third-largest in the Eurozone and the eighth-largest in the world. A founding member of the G7, the Eurozone and the OECD, it is regarded as one of the world's most industrialised nations and a leading country in world trade and exports. It is a highly developed country, with the world's 8th highest quality of life in 2005 and the 26th Human Development Index. The country is well known for its creative and innovative business, a large and competitive agricultural sector (with the world's largest wine production), and for its influential and high-quality automobile, machinery, food, design and fashion industry.

Italy is the world's sixth-largest manufacturing country,characterised by a smaller number of global multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size and many dynamic small and medium-sized enterprises, notoriously clustered in several industrial districts, which are the backbone of the Italian industry. This has produced a manufacturing sector often focused on the export of niche market and luxury products, that if on one side is less capable to compete on the quantity, on the other side is more capable of facing the competition from China and other emerging Asian economies based on lower labour costs, with higher quality products. Italy was the world's tenth-largest exporter in 2019. Its closest trade ties are with the other countries of the European Union. Its largest export partners in 2019 were Germany (12%), France (11%), and the United States (10%).
ESTONIA ECONOMY

In quanto membro dell'Unione Europea, l'Estonia è considerata un'economia ad alto reddito dalla Banca Mondiale . Il PIL (PPA) pro capite del paese era di $ 29.312 nel 2016 secondo il Fondo monetario internazionale. A causa della sua rapida crescita, l'Estonia è stata spesso descritta come una tigre baltica accanto a Lituania e Lettonia. A partire dal 1° gennaio 2011, l'Estonia ha adottato l'euro ed è diventata il 17° Stato membro della zona euro.

Secondo Eurostat , alla fine del 2010 l'Estonia aveva il rapporto tra debito pubblico e PIL più basso tra i paesi dell'UE, pari al 6,7%. [249] Bilancio in pareggio, debito pubblico quasi inesistente , imposta sul reddito forfettaria, regime di libero scambio, settore bancario commerciale competitivo, servizi elettronici innovativi e persino servizi mobili sono tutti segni distintivi dell'economia di mercato dell'Estonia.

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Estionian energy production

L'Estonia produce circa il 75% dell'elettricità consumata. Nel 2011, circa l'85% di esso è stato generato con scisti bituminosi estratti localmente . Le fonti energetiche alternative come legno, torba e biomassa costituiscono circa il 9% della produzione di energia primaria. L'energia eolica rinnovabile rappresentava circa il 6% del consumo totale nel 2009. L' Estonia importa prodotti petroliferi dall'Europa occidentale e dalla Russia. L'Estonia importa il 100% del suo gas naturale dalla Russia . L'energia da scisti bituminosi, le telecomunicazioni, i tessili, i prodotti chimici, le banche, i servizi, l'alimentazione e la pesca, il legname, la cantieristica navale, l'elettronica ei trasporti sono settori chiave dell'economia. Il porto libero dai ghiacci di Muuga , vicino a Tallinn, è una struttura moderna con una buona capacità di trasbordo, un elevatore per cereali ad alta capacità, stoccaggio freddo/congelato e nuove capacità di scarico delle petroliere. La ferrovia funge da condotto tra l'Occidente, la Russia e altri punti.

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ESTONIA ECONOMIC STATS

Il quartiere centrale degli affari di Tallinn
A causa della recessione economica globale iniziata nel 2007 , il PIL dell'Estonia è diminuito dell'1,4% nel 2° trimestre del 2008, di oltre il 3% nel 3° trimestre del 2008 e di oltre il 9% nel 4° trimestre del 2008. Il governo estone ha fatto un bilancio negativo supplementare, che è stato approvato da Riigikogu . Le entrate del bilancio sono state ridotte per il 2008 di 6,1 miliardi di EEK e le spese di 3,2 miliardi di EEK. Nel 2010 la situazione economica si è stabilizzata e ha avviato una crescita basata su forti esportazioni. Nel quarto trimestre del 2010, la produzione industriale estone è aumentata del 23% rispetto all'anno precedente. Da allora il paese ha registrato una crescita economica.

Secondo i dati Eurostat, nel 2008 il PIL pro capite dell'Estonia si attestava al 67% della media dell'UE. Nel 2017, lo stipendio lordo mensile medio in Estonia era di 1221 EUR.

Tuttavia, ci sono grandi disparità di PIL tra le diverse aree dell'Estonia; attualmente, oltre la metà del PIL del paese viene creato a Tallinn. Nel 2008, il PIL pro capite di Tallinn si attestava al 172% della media estone, il che porta il PIL pro capite di Tallinn al 115% della media dell'Unione Europea, superando i livelli medi di altre contee .

Il tasso di disoccupazione a marzo 2016 era del 6,4%, che è inferiore alla media dell'UE, mentre la crescita del PIL reale nel 2011 è stata dell'8,0%, ù cinque volte la media della zona euro. Nel 2012, l'Estonia è rimasta l'unico membro dell'euro con un avanzo di bilancio e, con un debito pubblico di appena il 6%, è uno dei paesi meno indebitati d'Europa.

L' Estonia è un paese sviluppato con un'economia avanzata e ad alto reddito che è stata tra le in più rapida crescita nell'UE dal suo ingresso nel 2004. Il paese si colloca molto in alto nell'indice di sviluppo umano , e si confronta bene in misure di libertà economica , libertà civili , istruzione, e libertà di stampa . I cittadini estoni ricevono assistenza sanitaria universale , istruzione gratuita , e il congedo di maternità retribuito più lungo nell'OCSE. Una delle società più avanzate al mondo dal punto di vista digitale, nel 2005 l'Estonia è diventata il primo stato a tenere elezioni su Internet e nel 2014 il primo stato a fornire la residenza elettronica .

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ESTONIA ARMY

Le forze di difesa estoni sono costituite da forze di terra , marina e aviazione . L'attuale servizio militare nazionale è obbligatorio per gli uomini sani di età compresa tra i 18 ei 28 anni, con coscritti che prestano servizio per 8 o 11 mesi, a seconda della loro istruzione e posizione fornita dalle forze di difesa. La dimensione in tempo di pace delle forze di difesa estoni è di circa 6.000 persone, di cui la metà sono coscritti. La dimensione pianificata in tempo di guerra delle forze di difesa è di 60.000 dipendenti, di cui 21.000 in riserva di massima prontezza. Dal 2015 il bilancio estone per la difesa ha superato il 2% del PIL, adempiendo all'obbligo di spesa per la difesa della NATO.

L' Estonian Defense League è un'organizzazione di difesa nazionale volontaria gestita dal Ministero della Difesa. È organizzato sulla base di principi militari, dispone di un proprio equipaggiamento militare e fornisce vari diversi addestramenti militari per i suoi membri, anche in tattiche di guerriglia. La Defense League ha 16.000 membri, con ulteriori 10.000 volontari nelle sue organizzazioni affiliate.

L'Estonia collabora con la Lettonia e la Lituania in diverse iniziative trilaterali di cooperazione nel settore della difesa nel Baltico. Nell'ambito della Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET), i tre paesi gestiscono il centro di controllo dello spazio aereo baltico, il Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT) ha partecipato alla NATO Response Force e un istituto di istruzione militare congiunto Baltic Defense College si trova a Tartu.
L' Estonia è entrata a far parte della NATO nel 2004. Il Centro di eccellenza per la difesa informatica cooperativa della NATO è stato istituito a Tallinn nel 2008. In risposta alla guerra russa in Ucraina , dal 2017 il gruppo di battaglia della NATO Enhanced Forward Presence ha sede nella base dell'esercito di Tapa. Anche parte del dispiegamento della NATO Baltic Air Policing ha sede nella base aerea di Ämari dal 2014. Nell'Unione europea l'Estonia partecipa al Nordic Battlegroup e alla cooperazione strutturata permanente.

Dal 1995 l'Estonia ha partecipato a numerose missioni internazionali di sicurezza e mantenimento della pace, tra cui: Afghanistan , Iraq , Libano , Kosovo e Mali. La forza massima del dispiegamento estone in Afghanistan è stata di 289 soldati nel 2009. 11 soldati estoni sono stati uccisi in missioni in Afghanistan e Iraq.

Latest revision as of 11:41, 23 May 2023

Phoenixia: Labor Party of Phoenixia, National Alliance, Progressive Party of Phoenixia, Phoenixia Liberal Democratic Party, Phoenixia Akuan Party, New Afragola, Conservative Party of Phoenixia, Republican Party of Phoenixia.

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