Zeibear: Difference between revisions
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|[u:]ū |
|[u:]ū |
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|Close-mid |
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|Mid |
|Mid |
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|Open-mid |
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|[ɛ]e |
|[ɛ]e |
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| rowspan="2" |[ɐ ~ a/ |
| rowspan="2" |[ɐ ~ a:/ɑ:]a |
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|[ɔ]ō |
|[ɔ:]ō |
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|Open |
|Open |
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|[ɪə]ea |
|[ɪə]ea |
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|[ou]ou |
|[ou]ou |
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|[ɔi] oi |
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|[au]au |
|[au]au |
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|[ɪə]ia |
|[ɪə]ia |
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|[ŋ] |
|[ŋ]ṅ |
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Line 91: | Line 76: | ||
|[s]s |
|[s]s |
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|[z]z |
|[z]z |
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|[ʃ] |
|[ʃ]ś |
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|[ʒ] j |
|[ʒ] j |
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|[x ] h |
|[x ] h |
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|(ɣ) |
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| colspan=" |
| colspan="6" |[r ~ ɹ ~ ʀ]r |
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|[ts] |
|[ts] c/ts |
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| colspan="2" |[tʃ ~ tɕ] c |
| colspan="2" |[tʃ ~ tɕ] c /tś |
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Line 134: | Line 117: | ||
2. Glottal stops can only occur between vowels |
2. Glottal stops can only occur between vowels |
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3. [ |
3. [ɣ] and [ʔ] never cluster. |
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4. [i] can be nasalised if it is followed by [ŋ]. [ɒ],[æ] are nasalised sometimes if followed by a nasal consonant. |
4. [i] can be nasalised if it is followed by [ŋ]. [ɒ],[æ] are nasalised sometimes if followed by a nasal consonant. |
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5. Only plosives and nasals germinate and germination is fairly rare. |
5. Only plosives and nasals germinate and germination is fairly rare. |
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6. 'c' can be 'ts' or 'tʃ' depending on the word. Generally it is 'tʃ' |
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7. When [x] comes after 'g' (and sometimes 'r'), it turns into (ɣ) |
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== Orthography == |
== Orthography == |
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| colspan="2" |Pronouns |
| colspan="2" |Pronouns |
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| colspan="5" |Possesive pronouns(sing nouns) |
| colspan="5" |Possesive pronouns(sing nouns) |
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| colspan=" |
| colspan="5" |Possesive pronouns(plural nouns) |
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|Singular |
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|Plural |
| colspan="3" |Plural |
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| colspan="2" |Singular |
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|Plural |
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|Singular |
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| colspan="3" |Plural |
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|Singular |
|Singular |
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| colspan="3" |Plural |
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|Plural |
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|Singular |
|Singular |
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| colspan="3" |Plural |
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|Plural |
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| colspan="2" |nūs(inc) |
| colspan="2" |nūs(inc) |
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|nos(excl) |
|nos(excl) |
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|ta(normal) |
|ta(normal) |
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| colspan="2" | ta |
| colspan="2" | ta'i(respect) |
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|vū |
|vū |
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|toi(normal) |
|toi(normal) |
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| colspan="2" |to |
| colspan="2" |to'i(respect) |
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|voi |
|voi |
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|tan(nromal) |
|tan(nromal) |
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| colspan="2" |to |
| colspan="2" |to'an(repect) |
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|von |
|von |
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|tas(nromal) |
|tas(nromal) |
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| colspan="2" |to |
| colspan="2" |to'as(repect) |
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|vos |
|vos |
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|fi |
|fi |
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|sun |
|sun |
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|Plural |
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|filz |
|filz |
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|zund |
|zund |
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|shilz |
|shilz |
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|zund |
|zund |
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| impersonalised |
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|n/a |
|n/a |
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|n/a |
|n/a |
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|oha |
|oha |
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| colspan="9" | Possesive pronouns change depending on the number of nouns |
| colspan="9" | Possesive pronouns change depending on the number of nouns |
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| colspan="4" |eg- My car - Mon voishur |
| colspan="4" |eg- My car - Mon voishur |
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| colspan="4" |My cars - Mes voishurs |
| colspan="4" |My cars - Mes voishurs |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Stress pronouns |
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!Pronoun |
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!Before -ir verbs |
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!Before imperative |
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|1st per sing |
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|mu |
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| - |
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|1st per plu incl |
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|nu |
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|nuj |
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|1st per plu excl |
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|nuh |
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|nuś |
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|2nd per sing |
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|tu |
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|tuj |
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|2nd per plu |
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|vu |
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|vuj |
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|3rd per sing |
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|śu |
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| - |
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|3rd person plu |
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|su |
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| - |
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|impersonalised |
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|ṅu |
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|ṅūj |
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=== Conjugation === |
=== Conjugation === |
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Each group conjugates in its own way. There are four irregular verbs. |
Each group conjugates in its own way. There are four irregular verbs- se, avōn, gōn, fōn. (they all conjugate in the same way except the imperatives and simple past) |
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Imperatives and all -ir verbs have a stress pronoun preceding the verb. |
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The pase resont (recent past) is vian + verb in simple past |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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| colspan="2" |Infinitive |
| colspan="2" |Infinitive |
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|Simple present |
|Simple present |
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|Present continous |
|Present continous |
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|Simple past |
|Simple past |
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|Past habitual |
|Past habitual |
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|Past perfect |
|Past perfect |
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|Past |
|Past continous |
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|Simple future |
|Simple future |
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| Future continous |
| Future continous |
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|Future perfect |
|Future perfect |
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|Imperative |
|Imperative |
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| colspan="2" |Past continous |
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| colspan="2" | -eh/ah |
| colspan="2" | -eh/ah |
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| - |
| -ih |
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| -ōh |
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| -eih |
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| -es |
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| -oh |
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| -ans |
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| -ou |
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| -as |
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| -ej |
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| -us |
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| -ea |
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| rowspan="4" |stress |
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pronoun |
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+infinitive |
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| colspan="2" | -on/ōn |
| colspan="2" | -on/ōn |
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| -ont |
| -ont |
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| -ouz |
| -ouz |
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| - |
| -oṅ |
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| -ans |
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| -out |
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| -onz |
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| -ūj |
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| -ūn |
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| -uṅ |
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| -e |
| -e |
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|stem or -i |
|stem or -i |
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| -es |
| -es |
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| -o |
| -o |
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| -an |
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| -ou |
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| -as |
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| -ej |
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| -us |
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| -ea |
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| -ir |
| -ir |
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| -ia |
| -ia |
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| -ich |
| -ich |
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| -iaz |
| -iaz |
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| -ian |
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| -iwn |
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| -isez |
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| -iz |
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| -it |
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| -iṅ |
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=== Negation === |
=== Negation === |
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Adding 'ne' or 'non' or 'no' before any verbs automatically turns it into a negative verbs. If the modal is not a standalone verb then negation comes before the modal. |
Adding 'ne' or 'non' or 'no' before any verbs automatically turns it into a negative verbs. If the modal is not a standalone verb then negation comes before the modal. |
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== Vocabulary == |
Latest revision as of 03:06, 5 December 2021
Zeibear is the official language of Zeiberland and is spoken by over 17 million native speakers and over 8 million non native speakers.
Phonology
Vowels
VOWELS | Front | Central | Back | ||
Close | [i]i | [y]u | [u:]ū | ||
Mid | [ɛ]e | [ɐ ~ a:/ɑ:]a | [ɔ:]ō | ||
Open | [æ]æ | [ɒ]o |
Dipthongs | [aɪ] ai | [eɪ] ei | [ɪə]ea | [ou]ou | [au]au | [ɪə]ia |
Consonants
CONSONANTS | labial | Alveodental | Alveopalatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
Plosive | [p]p | [b]b | [t]t | [d]d | [k]k | [ɡ]g | [ʔ]' | ||
Nasal | [m]m | [n]n | [ŋ]ṅ | ||||||
Fricative | [f]f | [v]v | [s]s | [z]z | [ʃ]ś | [ʒ] j | [x ] h | (ɣ) | |
Approximant | [w]w | [l]l | [j]y | ||||||
Rhotics | [r ~ ɹ ~ ʀ]r | ||||||||
Affricate | [ts] c/ts | [tʃ ~ tɕ] c /tś |
Phonotactics
1. Syllable structure CCVʔVCC
C = consonant V = all vowels and dipthongs ʔ = glottal stop
2. Glottal stops can only occur between vowels
3. [ɣ] and [ʔ] never cluster.
4. [i] can be nasalised if it is followed by [ŋ]. [ɒ],[æ] are nasalised sometimes if followed by a nasal consonant.
5. Only plosives and nasals germinate and germination is fairly rare.
6. 'c' can be 'ts' or 'tʃ' depending on the word. Generally it is 'tʃ'
7. When [x] comes after 'g' (and sometimes 'r'), it turns into (ɣ)
Orthography
Grammar
1. Word order
SVO, strictly
2. Grammatical number
Singular and Plural
A noun may be pluralised by adding the following at the end. s, z, ez or es depending on the end of the word.
3. Grammatical Gender
There is an animate/inanimate distinction and every noun is divided into these two genders.
Articles
Articles in Zeibear | |||
Before consonants | |||
Singlular | Plural | ||
Indefinite | yu | yel | |
Definite | je | le | |
Partitif | del | ||
Before vowels | |||
Indefinite | y' | yel | |
Definite | j' | l' | |
Partitif | del |
Pronouns
Pronouns | |||||||||||||||||||||
Subjective pronouns: | Objective pronouns | Possesive pronouns(sing nouns) | Possesive pronouns(plural nouns) | ||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||||||||||||
1st person | ma | nū(inc) | nous(excl) | moi | noi(inc) | nois(excl) | mon | nūn(inc) | nons(excl) | mes | nūs(inc) | nos(excl) | |||||||||
2nd person | ta(normal) | ta'i(respect) | vū | toi(normal) | to'i(respect) | voi | tan(nromal) | to'an(repect) | von | tas(nromal) | to'as(repect) | vos | |||||||||
3rd inanimate | fi | sun | fea | sund | fil | zun | filz | zund | |||||||||||||
3rd animate | shi | sun | shea | sund | shil | zun | shilz | zund | |||||||||||||
impersonalised | n/a | ona | n/a | ond | n/a | owa | n/a | oha | |||||||||||||
Subjective, Objective and Possesive are the only pronoun cases | Possesive pronouns change depending on the number of nouns | ||||||||||||||||||||
3rd person sing is split into inaminate and animate | eg- My car - Mon voishur | My cars - Mes voishurs |
Pronoun | Before -ir verbs | Before imperative |
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1st per sing | mu | - |
1st per plu incl | nu | nuj |
1st per plu excl | nuh | nuś |
2nd per sing | tu | tuj |
2nd per plu | vu | vuj |
3rd per sing | śu | - |
3rd person plu | su | - |
impersonalised | ṅu | ṅūj |
Verbs
Modality is conveyed through modals
All verb stems in Zeibear end on: | ||||||
-ōn/-on | These are informally known as (GRP 1 verbs) | |||||
-e | These are informally known as (GRP 2 verbs) | |||||
-ir | These are reflexive verbs | |||||
-eh | These are the modals and auxiliary verbs |
Conjugation
Each group conjugates in its own way. There are four irregular verbs- se, avōn, gōn, fōn. (they all conjugate in the same way except the imperatives and simple past)
Imperatives and all -ir verbs have a stress pronoun preceding the verb.
The pase resont (recent past) is vian + verb in simple past
Infinitive | Simple present | Present continous | Simple past | Past habitual | Past perfect | Past continous | Simple future | Future continous | Future perfect | Imperative | |||||||||
-eh/ah | -ih | -es | -oh | -ans | -ou | -as | -ej | -us | -ea | stress
pronoun +infinitive | |||||||||
-on/ōn | -ont | -ouz | -oṅ | -ans | -out | -onz | -ūj | -ūn | -uṅ | ||||||||||
-e | stem or -i | -es | -o | -an | -ou | -as | -ej | -us | -ea | ||||||||||
-ir | -ia | -ich | -iaz | -ian | -iwn | -isez | -iz | -it | -iṅ |
Negation
Adding 'ne' or 'non' or 'no' before any verbs automatically turns it into a negative verbs. If the modal is not a standalone verb then negation comes before the modal.