Packilvanian language
| Packilvanian | |
|---|---|
| luTamuk aluBakilfania | |
| Created by | None |
| Date | Unknown |
| Ethnicity | Packilvanians (Felines, Humans etc from Packilvania) |
| Users | 1.1 billion to 1.5 billion |
| Purpose | Concordo-Yastero-Auroran
|
Early forms | Middle Packilvanian
|
Standard forms | Standard Modern Packilvanian (Bingolian)
|
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
The Packilvanian language is the official language of Packilvania. It belongs to the Yastero-Auroran language family.
History
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Consonants
| Labial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ng | ||||||
| Plosive | Voiced | b | d | g | |||||
| Voiceless | p | t | k | ||||||
| Affricate | Sibilant | ts | q | ||||||
| Fricative | Voiced | v | dh | z | |||||
| Voiceless | f | th | s | h | kh | ||||
| Approximant | l | y | w | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||
Orthography
Packilvanian is written in the Packilvanian Script which comes in two official forms: the Cursive and Regular versions. The Regular version is an alphabet as every glyph represents either a consonant or a vowel. In contrast, the Cursive version is an hybrid abjad which uses diacritics to mark for vowels in the middle of words. Vowels are only written when they appear as the first letter of a word. Vowels can be omitted altogether in Cursive as is regularly the case in most settings as the vowels can be inferred by the reader. The letter "I" is technically not represented at all and must be inferred in some texts. Languages that use Packilvanian Script can adapt it to suit their needs. For instance languages that have diphthongs can use multiple diacritics on top of each other to represent those sounds. Languages that devoice or prenasalise sounds can use appropriate diacritics. Thus, Packilvanian can act as a universal phonetic-based writing style for any language in the world. Cursive Packilvanian can be written without lifting the hand except to add diacritics making it highly efficient for languages that are typically written on paper or parchement.
Grammar
Nouns
Nouns are marked for class, case and number. Packilvanian nouns are built as follows:
(Negation)-Definiteness-Case-class-number-root.
Definiteness
Definiteness is marked by the tone of the first syllable of the word.
- Indefiniteness: High tone
- Definiteness: Low tone
Negation
Negation is marked with a 'g' (or a ge if the word starts with a consonant) and always occurs at the start of a word.
Cases
| Case | Prefix |
|---|---|
| Nominative | none |
| Accusative | o- |
| Genitive | a- |
| Instrumental | ye- |
| Locative | we- |
| Infinitive | kha- |
Classes
Classes or genders go after cases and before number.
| Class | Infix |
|---|---|
| Abstract | -l- |
| Inanimate | -n- |
| Animate | -v- |
| Sapient | -b- |
Number
Number goes after the class and before the root.
| Number | Infix |
|---|---|
| Singular | -u- |
| Plural | -e- |
| Uncountable | -o- |
Verbs
Verbs are inflected with the same affixes as the noun they relate to. Verbs are inflected for time as follows:
| Tense | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-past | Past | |||
| Aspect | Perfect | none | -ev or -v | |
| Imperfective | Habitual | none | -ek or -k | |
| Continuous | none | -eg - or -g | ||
Interrogatives
Demonstratives
Demonstratives are used to determine entités that are being referred to.
- Distal: -qa (leqa, veqa, neqa: those, luqa, nuqa and vuqa: that)
- Proximate: -arud (learud, nearud, and vearud: these, luarud, nuarud and vuarud: this)
Pronouns
| This page (or section) is a work in progress by its author(s) and should not be considered final. |
Pronouns are inflected for case and class where applicable:
- First person: in the nominative case, the first person singular root is Min. It is used together with bu- in the singular and with be-in the plural (I.e., the equivalent of We in Staynish).
- Bumin bukasa nobakil (I want water)
- BuSultan bukasa khabuparla obumin (The Sultan wants to speak [to] me).
- BuSultan bukasa nobakil abumin (The Sultan wants my water).
- BuSultan bukasa khabuakhat nupontun yebumin (The Sultan wants to build a bridge by me).
- Second person: in the nominative case, the first person singular root is Du (equivalent of Thou in Middle Codexian).
- Budu buyal nobakil (You drink water).
- BuSultan bukasa obudu (The Sultan wants you)
- BuSultan khabukasa nobakil abudu (The Sultan wants your water)
- BuSultan bukasa bujaheler weluDrakkengard yebudu (The Sultan wants to send a letter to Drakkengard by you).
- BuSultan bukasa khabuvade lutooton webudu(Sultan wants to confer knighthood upon you).
- Third person is the most complex. Similarly to the previous others it is inflected for case and number. The third person root is Med. The suffix -arud is added to the end of the word for distal (faraway) and the --aqa suffix is added for proximal (nearby).
- Bumedarud buwalwa nuvelha (They [faraway/out of view] eat meat) or Bumedaqa buwalwa nuvelha (They [close/within view] eat meat).
Modifiers and descriptors
Adverbs and adjectives are grammatically treated the same, thus linguists do not make a distinction between the two, giving rise to the use of the loose term "modifiers" and "descriptors".
The class Prefix of the noun or verb that the modifier is modifying is attached to the root of the modifier. For example: LuBakhilfanya lujikhantalia (Gigantic Packilvania) or Luashamiliya lurapadin (Assimilate(s) quickly). In the case of imperatives whereby the subject of the verb is unclear, the root of the modifier may be used alone, for example: Ashamiliya rapadin! (Assimilate quickly) If the subject of the verb is known, the class prefix of the subject can be attached to the modifier, for instance: Bedu, beenekomimi, berejem berashambalia obeBakhilfanya. Ashamiliya berapadin! (You, Nekomimi, must resemble the Packilvanians! Assimilate quickly!)
Postpositions
The location of the subject, object or instrument relative to another is usually implied by the use of the locative case. However, to specify the relative position, special modifiers called postpositions are used. For example:
- -beneyath: beneath, under or underneath
- -ubuv: above
- -ashidi: beside
- -akhansta: against
- -dupa: on top of, on
- -aye: with (not to be confused with the instrumental case)
- -munga: among
- -idaween: between
- -akhrono: during
- -ayn: within, in
- -xepet: except, excluding
- -gurash: across
- -nayeer: near, close
- -joor: through
- -vah: off
- -rotunda: around
- -berefia: before
- -futar: after
- -far: far
Diminutive, intensive and feminisation
These are used to show something to a smaller degree: the suffix -amne or -mne can be added as a suffix to noun, verb or modifier. This can be doubled to further diminuate the word concerned. For example, luwayeet (man) becomes luwayeetamne (small man) which can become luwayeetamnemne (a very small or pathetic man). Double diminutive are often used as pejoratives.
Intensive forms have the suffix -gur or -agur. intensive word form is one which denotes stronger, more forceful, or more concentrated action relative to the root on which the intensive is built. For example: Manje (eat) becomes manjegur (devour) becomes manjegurgur (consume gluttonously). Double intensives are also pejoratives in many cases.
Packilvanian does not have sex-based grammatical gender but a suffix can be added to a word to feminise it. -Elea and -lea are the official root however a simple -a, -ia and -lia have been used to effeminise words. Non-feminised words also use the latter three at their ends. For example lumedichi (doctor) becomes lumedichilea (female doctor). Feminisation applied to men is regarded as a pejorative.
Numbers
Numbers describe a numerical quantity. Packilvanian uses a base 10 system. Numbers are represented using distinct glyphs (Packilvanian numerical glyphs). They can be written out in terms of how they are pronounced as well. Numbers can be used as either verbs, modifiers and descriptors, and nouns. For 20 to 90, simply modify dukha with a number between 2 and 9. The same principle applies to other base numbers as shown below. The default class of numbers is "lu" unless the noun is specified. To add a number to the end, simply use the "with" postposition. For instance 23 is ludukha ludush luaye lutaru (two ten with
three), 7,589 is lumileniyat lushevaan luaye luhashamat luvayeef luaye ludekha luagluat ayelunanya (seven thousawithand five hundrwithand eight twithand nine).
| Cardinal | Glyph | Ordinal | Abbreviation | Frequency | Abbreviation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ngun | 1 | -nganute | 1te | -nganashan | 1shan | |
| -dush | 2 | -dashute | 2te | -dushashan | 2shan | |
| -taru | 3 | -taruhe | 3he | -tarshan | 3shan | |
| -vayeer | 4 | -veyeerute | 4he | -veyeershan | 4shan | |
| -vayeef | 5 | -veyeefute | 5he | -veyeefshan | 5shan | |
| -sasha | 6 | -sashuhe | 6he | -sashan | 6shan | |
| -shavaan | 7 | -shevaanute | 7te | -sheevanshan | 7shan | |
| -agat | 8 | -egate | 8te | -gashan | 8shan | |
| -nanya | 9 | -nanyahe | 9he | -nashan | 9shan | |
| -dekha | 10 | -dukhahe | 10he | -dukhashan | 10shan | |
| -hashamat | 100 | -heshamatute | 100te | -hashamatashan | 100shan | |
| -mileniyat | 1,000 | -muleniyatush | 1,000sh | -mileniyashan | 1,000shan | |
| -guraleen | 1,000,000 | -giraleenush | 1,000,000sh | -gureleenashan | 1,000,000shan | |
| -khuraleen | 1,000,000,000 | -khiraleenush | 1,000,000,000sh | -khurileenashan | 1,000,000,000shan | |
| -meqaleen | 1,000,000,000,000 | -makaleenush | 1,000,000,000,000 sh | -meqaleenashan | 1,000,000,000,000shan | |
| -tashqaleen | 1,000 meq (1,000,000,000,000,000) | -teshqaleenush | 1,000 meqsh | -tashqaleenashan | 1,000 meqshan | |
| -wakaleen | 1,000,000 meq (1,000,000,000,000,000,000) | -wekaleenush | 1,000,000 meqsh | -wakaleenashan | 1,000,000 meqshan |