Template:Salovian Civil War

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Syrian civil war
Part of the Arab Spring, the Arab Winter, and the spillover of the Iraqi conflict

Military situation in August 2020:
Template:Legend0 Template:Legend0 Template:Legend0 Template:Legend0 Template:Legend0) Template:Legend0 Template:Legend0 Template:Legend0
(full list of combatants, detailed map)
Date15 March 2011 (2011-03-15) – present
(13 years, 1 month, 3 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Syria (with spillovers in neighboring countries)
Status Ongoing
Territorial
changes		 As of 31 March 2020: the Syrian Armed Forces held 63.57% of Syrian territories; SDF 25.57%; rebel groups (incl. HTS) & Turkey 9.72%; ISIL 1.14%[22]
Main belligerents

Hezbollah
 Iran
Template:Country data Russia (2015–present)
Template:Country data Iraq (2017–2019)[1][h]

Support:

Template:Country data Turkey[c]
(2016–present)

Support:

Salvation Government (Tahrir al-Sham)[e][f]

Support:
Support:
Support:
CJTF–OIR
(2014–present)
Commanders and leaders
Killed:
Killed:
Killed:
Killed:
Killed:
Killed:
Units involved
See order See order See order See order
Strength
Syrian Armed Forces: 142,000 (2019)[68]
General Security Directorate: 8,000[69]
National Defense Force: 80,000[70]
Liwa Fatemiyoun: 10,000 – 20,000(2018)[71]
Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas: 10,000+(2013)[72]
Ba'ath Brigades: 7,000
Hezbollah: 6,000–8,000[73]
Liwa Al-Quds: 4,000–8,000
Russia: 4,000 troops[74] & 1,000 contractors[75]
Iran: 3,000–5,000[73][76]
Other allied groups: 20,000+

Free Syrian Army: 20,000–32,000[77] (2013)
Islamic Front: 40,000–70,000[78][79] (2014)
Other groups: 12,500[80] (2015)
Turkish Armed Forces: 4,000–8,000[81][82]

Ahrar al-Sham: 18,000–20,000+[83][84] (March 2017)

Tahrir al-Sham: 20,000-30,000 (per U.S., late 2018)[85]		 ~3,000 (per Russia, mid 2019)[86][87]

SDF: 60,000–75,000 (2017 est.)Template:Sfnp

United States Armed Forces:
600[91]
Casualties and losses
Template:Country data Syria Syrian Arab Republic:[92][93]
129,710–178,710 killed (67,526–102,526 soldiers & 52,139–66,139 militiamen)
4,100 soldiers/militiamen & 1,800 supporters captured[92]
Hezbollah:
1,700–2,000 killed[92][94]
Template:Country data Russia Russia:
133–156 soldiers[95] & 183–283 PMCs killed[96]
Other non-Syrian fighters:
8,345 killed[92] (2,300–3,500+ IRGC-led)[97][98]

Template:Country data Syrian opposition Syrian opposition/HTS:
84,620–140,620 killed[g][92][93]

Template:Country data Turkey Turkey:
230–285 killed (2016–20 incursions)[99]		 Template:Country data Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL:
39,736 killed[92]

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria:
12,111–13,651 killed[100][101][92]

CJTF–OIR:
13 killed[102] (United States 10, United Kingdom 1, France 1, Template:Country data Jordan 1)

116,327[92]–117,967[103] civilian deaths documented by opposition
100 other foreign soldiers killed (Template:Country data Lebanon 60, Template:Country data Turkey 17 (pre-'16), Template:Country data Iraq 16, Template:Country data Jordan 7)

Total killed: 384,660–577,660 (per SOHR)[92]

Estimated ≥7,600,000 internally displaced & ≥5,116,097 refugees (July 2015/2017)[104]
a Formerly al-Nusra Front.
b Since early 2013, the FSA has been decentralized. Its name is arbitrarily used by various rebels.
c Turkey provided arms support to rebels (2011–unknown, Aug. 2016 – present) & fought alongside the TFSA in the Aleppo governorate vs. SDF, ISIL and Syrian gov.
d Sep.–Nov. 2016: U.S. fought with the TFSA in Aleppo governorate solely vs. ISIL.[105][106] In 2017–18, the U.S. purposely attacked the Syrian gov. 10 times, & in Sep. 2016 it accidentally hit a Syrian base, killing ≥100 SAA soldiers. Syria maintains this as intentional.[107]
e Predecessors of HTS (al-Nusra Front) & ISIL (ISI) were allied al-Qaeda branches until April 2013. Al-Nusra Front rejected an ISI-proposed merger into ISIL & al-Qaeda cut all affiliation with ISIL in February 2014.
f Predecessors of Ahrar al-Sham (Syrian Liberation Front) & HTS (al-Nusra Front), were allied under the Army of Conquest (Mar. 2015 – Jan. 2017).
g Number incl. all anti-government forces, except ISIL and SDF, which are listed in their separate columns.
h Iraq's involvement was coordinated with the Syrian gov. & limited to airstrikes vs. ISIL.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 References:
    • Damascus allows Iraq to hit ISIL targets in Syria: State media, Al Jazeera, Dec 30, 2018.
    • Assad gives Iraq green light to launch attacks in Syria without approval, Al-Masdar News, Dec 30, 2018.
    • Assad Authorizes Iraq to Attack ISIS in Syria , Haaretz, Dec 30, 2018.
    • Iraqi jets strike ISIS target in Syria a day after Damascus carte blanche, The National, Dec 31, 2018.
    • Iraqi Air Force bombs ISIS command meeting in Syria, Al-Masdar News, Jan 3, 2019.
    • Iraq’s Air Force will begin bombing ISIS in Syria, NewsRep, Jan 1, 2019.
    • "Iraq conducts first airstrikes against ISIS in Syria". CNN. February 24, 2017.
  2. ↑ "Egypt sends forces to Syria for Assad regime". aa.com.tr. Anadolu Agency. 30 July 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020.
  3. ↑ Finn, William Maclean, Tom (27 November 2016). "Qatar will help Syrian rebels even if Trump ends U.S. role" – via www.reuters.com.
  4. ↑ "Trump ends CIA arms support for anti-Assad Syria rebels: U.S. officials". Reuters. 19 July 2017.
  5. ↑ "Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria". The Guardian. 31 August 2017. Returning from a summit in the Saudi capital last week, opposition leaders say they were told directly by the foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, that Riyadh was disengaging.
  6. ↑ "Britain withdraws last of troops training Syrian rebels as world powers distance themselves from opposition". Daily Telegraph. 2 September 2017.
  7. ↑ "Hollande confirms French delivery of arms to Syrian rebels". AFP. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  8. ↑ Chivers, C. J.; Schmitt, Eric; Mazzetti, Mark (June 21, 2013). "In Turnabout, Syria Rebels Get Libyan Weapons". The New York Times.
  9. ↑ Watson, Ivan; Tuysuz, Gul (29 October 2014). "Meet America's newest allies: Syria's Kurdish minority". CNN. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  10. ↑ A. Jaunger (30 July 2017). "US increases military support to Kurdish-led forces in Syria". ARA News. Retrieved 1 January 2018 – via Inside Syria Media Center.
  11. ↑ Jamie Dettmer (9 June 2016). "France Deploys Special Forces in Syria as IS Loses Ground". VOA. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  12. ↑ "U.S.-backed fighters poised to cut key ISIS supply line". CBS News. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Irish, John (13 November 2013). "Syrian Kurdish leader claims military gains against Islamists". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2017. Muslim said the PYD had received aid, money and weapons from the Iraq-based Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan...
  14. ↑ Ranj Alaaldin (16 December 2014). "A Dangerous Rivalry for the Kurds". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 April 2017. Once again, the P.U.K. saw a chance to seize the initiative, by suggesting that it, rather than the Kurdistan regional government or the K.D.P., was providing weapons and supplies to the Syrian Kurdish fighters, who belong to a party that has historically been at odds with the K.D.P.
  15. ↑ Jack Murphy (23 March 2017). "Did Kurdistan's Counter-Terrorist Group assault the Tabqa Dam in Syria?". SOFREP. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  16. ↑ Alexander Whitcomb (30 October 2014). "Peshmerga advance team in Kobane". Rudaw Media Network. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  17. ↑ "France Says Its Airstrikes Hit an ISIS Camp in Syria". The New York Times. 28 September 2015.
  18. ↑ "The UAE has it in for the Muslim Brotherhood". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 22 February 2017. Along with their American counterparts, Emirati special forces are said to be training elements of the opposition. They constitute a kind of Arab guarantee among the Syrian Democratic Forces – an umbrella group dominated by the Kurds of the PYD, on whom the US are relying to fight IS on the ground.
  19. ↑ "Saudi Arabia, UAE send troops to support Kurds in Syria". Middle East Monitor. 22 November 2018.
  20. ↑ "Australia to end air strikes in Iraq and Syria, bring Super Hornets home". Reuters. 21 December 2017.
  21. ↑ Barton, Rosemary (26 November 2015). "Justin Trudeau to pull fighter jets, keep other military planes in ISIS fight". CBC News. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  22. ↑ Syria-Irak-Yemen-Libya maps
  23. ↑ "Leading Syrian regime figures killed in Damascus bomb attack". The Guardian. July 2012.
  24. ↑ "Syria defence minister killed in Damascus bomb". The Daily Telegraph. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  25. ↑ "No sign of Assad after bomb kills kin, rebels close in". Reuters. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  26. ↑ "Syria Remains Silent on Intelligence Official's Death". The New York Times. 24 April 2015.
  27. ↑ "Syrian military spy chief killed in battle". al-Jazeera. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  28. ↑ (Head of National Defence Forces)"Assad cousin killed in Syria's Latakia". Al Jazeera. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  29. ↑ "Qasem Soleimani: US kills top Iranian general in Baghdad air strike". The BBC. 3 January 2020.
  30. ↑ "Iranian comdr. Brigadier General Hossein Hamedani killed by Isis while advising Syrian regime". The Independent. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  31. ↑ "Iranian General Is Killed in Syria". The Wall Street Journal. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  32. ↑ "Obituary: Hezbollah military commander Mustafa Badreddine". BBC. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  33. ↑ "Al-Nusra Front claims responsibility for Hezbollah fighters' death". Middle East Monitor. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  34. ↑ "Commander of Hezbollah Freed by Israel Is Killed in Syria". BBC. 20 December 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  35. ↑ "Thousands mourn Hezbollah fighter killed in Israeli attack". Reuters. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  36. ↑ "Analysis: Shiite Afghan casualties of the war in Syria". FDD's Long War Journal. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  37. ↑ "Update 1-Moscow blames 'two-faced U.S. policy' for Russian general's Syria death -RIA". Reuter. 25 September 2017.
  38. ↑ "Body of senior Russian officer killed in Syria delivered to Moscow". TASS. 29 April 2016. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  39. ↑ "Turkish Special Forces: From stopping a coup to the frontline of the ISIL fight". Hürriyet Daily News. 24 August 2016.
  40. ↑ sitesi, milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber. "Son dakika: Afrin harekatını Korgeneral İsmail Metin Temel yönetecek!". Milliyet. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  41. ↑ "Top Syrian rebel commander dies from wounds". Reuters. 17 November 2013.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Leading Syrian rebel groups form new Islamic Front". BBC. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  43. ↑ "Suicide bombing kills head of Syrian rebel group". The Daily Star.
  44. ↑ "Al Qaeda's chief representative in Syria killed in suicide attack". FDD's Long War Journal. 23 February 2014.
  45. ↑ "Russian raids kill prominent Syrian rebel commander". Al Jazeera. 25 December 2015.
  46. ↑ Nic Robertson & Paul Cruickshank (5 March 2015). "Source: Syrian warplanes kill leaders of al-Nusra". CNN.
  47. ↑ "Senior Nusra Front commander killed in Syria air strike". Al Jazeera. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  48. ↑ "Nusra Front spokesman killed by air strike in Syria". Al Jazeera. 4 April 2016.
  49. ↑ "Syria's Qaeda spokesman, 20 jihadists dead in strikes: monitor". AFP. 3 April 2016 – via Yahoo!.
  50. ↑ "Air strike kills top commander of former Nusra group in Syria". Reuters. 9 September 2016.
  51. ↑ "Leader of Qaeda Cell in Syria, Muhsin al-Fadhli, Is Killed in Airstrike, U.S. Says". The New York Times. 2 July 2015.
  52. ↑ Laporta, James; O'Connor, Tom; Jamali, Naveed (26 October 2019). "Trump Approves Special Ops Raid Targeting ISIS Leader Baghdadi, Military Says He's Dead". Newsweek. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  53. ↑ "ISIS confirms death of senior leader in Syria". FDD's Long War Journal. February 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  54. ↑ Alessandria Masi (11 November 2014). "If ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Killed, Who Is Caliph Of The Islamic State Group?". International Business Times. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  55. ↑ Schmidt, Michael S.; Mazzetti, Mark (25 March 2016). "A Top ISIS Leader Is Killed in an Airstrike, the Pentagon Says". The New York Times.
  56. ↑ Starr, Barbara (14 March 2016). "U.S. assesses ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani is dead". CNN.
  57. ↑ Ryan, Missy (3 July 2015). "U.S. drone strike kills a senior Islamic State militant in Syria". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  58. ↑ Starr, Barbara; Conlon, Kevin (19 May 2015). "U.S. names ISIS commander killed in raid". CNN. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  59. ↑ Starr, Barbara; Acosta, Jim (22 August 2015). "U.S.: ISIS No.2 killed in US drone strike in Iraq". CNN.
  60. ↑ Sherlock, Ruth (9 July 2014). "Inside the leadership of Islamic State: how the new 'caliphate' is run". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  61. ↑ "Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis war minister". International Business Times. 6 September 2016 – via Yahoo News.
  62. ↑ "Top ISIL leaders killed in southern Syria". The National. 9 June 2017.
  63. ↑ Template:Citation
  64. ↑ "The Syrian Democratic Council concludes its work by issuing the final communiqué". Hawar News Agency. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  65. ↑ "New Operation Inherent Resolve commander continues fight against ISIL". Army Worldwide News. 22 August 2016.
  66. ↑ "Top Syrian Kurdish commander Abu Layla killed by Isis sniper fire". The Independent. 5 June 2016.
  67. ↑ Hisham Arafat (31 August 2017). "Senior SDF commander lost his life in Raqqa fighting IS". Kurdistan 24.
  68. ↑ "Syria military strength". Global Fire Power. 8 July 2019.
  69. ↑ "Syria's diminished security forces". Agence France-Presse. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  70. ↑ ISIS’ Iraq offensive could trigger Hezbollah to fill gap left in Syria The Daily Star, 16 June 2014
  71. ↑ Ahmad Shuja Jamal (13 February 2018). "Mission Accomplished? What's Next for Iran's Afghan Fighters in Syria". War on the Rocks. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  72. ↑ "Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines". The Guardian. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Iran 'Foreign Legion' Leads Battle in Syria's North". The Wall Street Journal. 17 February 2016.
  74. ↑ "Russia's Syria force has reportedly grown to 4,000 people". Business Insider.
  75. ↑ Grove, Thomas (18 December 2015). "Up to Nine Russian Contractors Die in Syria, Experts Say". Wall Street Journal.
  76. ↑ "State-of-the-art technology is giving Assad's army the edge in Syria". 26 February 2016.
  77. ↑ "Here's The Extremist-To-Moderate Spectrum Of The 100,000 Syrian Rebels". Business Insider.
  78. ↑ "Front to Back". Foreign Policy.
  79. ↑ Cockburn, Patrick (11 December 2013). "West suspends aid for Islamist rebels in Syria, underlining their disillusionment with those forces opposed to President Bashar al-Assad". The Independent.
  80. ↑ Who are these 70,000 Syrian fighters David Cameron is relying on?. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  81. ↑ Şafak, Yeni (5 January 2017). "8 bin asker emir bekliyor". Yeni Şafak.
  82. ↑ "US Assistant Secretary of Defense tells Turkey only ISIS is a target, not Kurds". ARA News. 16 January 2017.
  83. ↑ "Is Syria's Idlib being groomed as Islamist killing ground?". Asia Times.
  84. ↑ "Al Qaeda Is Starting to Swallow the Syrian Opposition". Foreign Policy. 15 March 2017.
  85. ↑ Stewart, Phil (4 September 2018). "Top U.S. general warns against major assault on Syria's Idlib". Reuters.
  86. ↑ Rida, Nazeer (30 January 2017). "Syria: Surfacing of 'Hai'at Tahrir al-Sham' Threatens Truce". Asharq Al-Awsat.
  87. ↑ "IS 'caliphate' defeated but jihadist group remains a threat". BBC. 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  88. ↑ "US coalition spokesman: Arabs are leading Manbij campaign, not Kurds". ARA News. 4 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  89. ↑ "US-backed fighters close in on IS Syria bastion". AFP. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  90. ↑ Rodi Said (25 August 2017). "U.S.-backed forces to attack Syria's Deir al-Zor soon: SDF official". Reuters.
  91. ↑ Sisk, Richard (10 November 2019). "Up to 600 Troops Now Set to Remain in Syria Indefinitely, Top General Says". Military.com.
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 92.6 92.7 92.8 "SOHR 14th Anniversary" (PDF). SOHR. 28 May 2020.
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 "Tantalizing promises of Bashar al- Assad kill more than 11000 fighters of his forces during 5 months". SOHR. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  94. ↑ "On Balance, Hezbollah Has Benefited from the Syrian Conflict". The Soufan Group. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  95. ↑ "Syria Daily: Russia Acknowledges Deaths of 3 Troops". 26 March 2019.
  96. ↑ 151–201 killed (2015-17),[1][2][3] 14–64 killed (Battle of Khasham, Feb. 2018),[4][5] 18 killed (May 2018-June 2019),[6][7][8][9][10][11] total of 183–283 reported dead
  97. ↑ "IRGC Strategist Hassan Abbasi Praises Iranian Parents Who Handed Over Their Oppositionist Children For Execution: Educating People To This Level Is The Pinnacle Of The Islamic Republic's Achievement; Adds: 2,300 Iranians Have Been Killed In Syria War". MEMRI.
  98. ↑ الشامية, محرر الدرر (30 August 2017). "عميد إيراني يكشف عن إحصائية بأعداد قتلى بلاده في سوريا". الدرر الشامية. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  99. ↑ 72 killed in Operation Euphrates Shield, 61–96 killed in Operation Olive Branch, 67–81 killed in Idlib buffer zone, 16 killed in Operation Peace Spring, 11–17 killed in post-OPS operations, 1 killed in post-OES operations, total of 228–283 reported killed (for more details see here)
  100. ↑ Wladimir van Wilgenburg. "SDF says over 11,000 of its forces killed in fight against the Islamic State". Kurdistan24. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  101. ↑ 2017 Balance Sheet of War – Syrian Democratic Forces
    Results of battles and resistance of YPG throughout 2018
    SDF balance sheet of war and resistance for 2019
  102. ↑ "Pilot killed as U.S. F-16 crashes in Jordan".
    "Jordan pilot murder: Islamic State deploys asymmetry of fear". BBC News. 4 February 2015.
    "US service member killed in Syria identified as 22-year-old from Georgia". ABC News. 27 May 2017.
    "US identifies American service member killed by IED in Syria". ABC News. 27 May 2017.
    "French soldier killed in Iraq-Syria military zone, Élysée Palace says". France24. 27 May 2017.
    "4 Americans among those killed in Syria attack claimed by ISIS". CNN. 27 May 2017.
    "Mystery surrounds the killing of a US soldier in the countryside of Ayn al-Arab (Kobani) amid accusations against Turkey of targeting him". Syrian Observatory of Human Rights. 2 May 2019.
    "US service member killed in Syria identified as 22-year-old from Georgia". ABC News. 27 May 2017.
    "Army identifies U.S. soldier killed in Syria". The Washington Times. 27 January 2020.
    "Pentagon identifies US soldier killed in Syria". The Hill. 23 July 2020.
  103. ↑ "Violations Documenting Center". Violations Documenting Center. 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  104. ↑ (UNHCR), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response".
  105. ↑ Thomas Gibbons-Neff (16 September 2016). "U.S. Special Operations forces begin new role alongside Turkish troops in Syria". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  106. ↑ Andrew Tilghman (16 November 2016). "U.S. halts military support for Turkey's fight in key Islamic State town". Military Times. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  107. ↑ Fadel, Leith (27 September 2016). "US Coalition knew they were bombing the Syrian Army in Deir Ezzor".

Bibliography

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