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Help:Footnotes (view source)

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{{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}}
{{Redirect|WP:FN|the fringe theories noticeboard|Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard}}
{{Redirect|WP:NOTES|hatnotes|Wikipedia:HatnotesHatnote|Musicalarticle layout of footnotes|MOS:NOTES|musical notes|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Images and notation}}
{{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|WPH:FN}}
 
This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word "Footnotes" refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].
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Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]] or
* source information for tables and other elements.
 
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==Footnotes: the basics==
 
{{See also|Help:Reftags}}
 
To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:
 
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}}
 
:The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section.
 
The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.
 
===Where to place ref tags===
{{anchor|Where_to_place_ref_tags}} Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:
 
{{markup
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}}
 
===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wikimarkupwiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:
 
{{markup
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{{markup
|<nowiki>This is page content.<ref name="manchester2002">''{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters'', |edition=First Edition, |publisher=Flexible Minds, |location=Manchester, |year=2002, |p. =18}}</ref> This is more content.<ref name="manchester2002" />
{{reflist}}</nowiki>
|This is page content.<ref name="manchester2002">''{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters'', |edition=First Edition, |publisher=Flexible Minds, |location=Manchester, |year=2002, |p. =18}}</ref> This is more content.<ref name="manchester2002" />
{{reflist}}
}}
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Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|<nowiki>This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002">''{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters'', |edition=First Edition, |publisher=Flexible Minds, |location=Manchester, |year=2002, |p. =18}}</ref> This is expert content.<ref name="lexington2004">''{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts'', |publisher=Lexington, |year=2004, |p. =18}}</ref> And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> And more expert content.<ref name="lexington2004" />
{{reflist}}</nowiki>
|This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002">''{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters'', |edition=First Edition, |publisher=Flexible Minds, |location=Manchester, |year=2002, |p. =18}}</ref> This is expert content.<ref name="lexington2004">''{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts'', |publisher=Lexington, |year=2004, |p. =18}}</ref> And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> And more expert content.<ref name="lexington2004" />
{{reflist}}
}}
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When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group="<var>groupname</var>" name="<var>name</var>"|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].
 
==Reference lists: columns==
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[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.
 
The templatetemplates {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} maycan be used to nest references. The markup is:
 
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=name|4=content}} ''name'' and |4=''groupcontent'' being optional parameters. The content may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags.or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another {{tl|r}} template.
 
The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.
 
Examples:
Example:
 
===Using {{tl|refn}}===
{{markup
|<nowiki>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|group=nb|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}}
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}}
 
===Using {{tl|r}}===
The use of the magic word <code>#tag:ref</code> is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.▼
{{markup
|<nowiki>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}
 
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
</nowiki>
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}
 
{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}
 
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}
 
▲The use of the magic word <code>#tag:ref</code> is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.
 
:<code>&#123;&#123;#tag:ref|<var>refcontent</var>|group=<var>groupname</var>|name=<var>name</var>}}</code>
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Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.
 
When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
 
:{{tag|ref|params=group="<var>groupname</var>" name="<var>name</var>"|content=Content}}
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! Group type !! Footnote marker template<br/>or markup !! Reference list<br/> template !! Sample labels
|-
| rowspan=3|''none by default, but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=23| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=23| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| ''none'' || {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{tlx|efn}}<br />{{tlx|efn-la}} || {{tlx|notelist}}<br />{{tlx|notelist-la}} || a b c d e f g h i j
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|}<section end=pregrouptable />
 
* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}} and {{para|group}}, which work the same as the parameters in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 3rd and 4th examples below). Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the column parameter{{para|colwidth}}, {{para|refs}}, and {{para|group}} parameters, which work the same as the parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.
 
In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:
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