Cukish language: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs===
The Cukish verbal system is based mostly on prefixation and suffixation to indicate all the elements the verbal action refers to: tense, mood, aspect, voice and person. This can lead to verbs with multiple morphemes that make Cukish to be classified in this regard as an [[wikipedia:Agglutinative language|agglutinative language]]. The infinitive, this meaning the form in which the verb is referred as, does not show any of these morphemes, not even personal suffixes as it is an impersonal form.
Tense is indicated by prefixes. Current day Cukish has three tenses: present, past and future, with the last two marked by their respective prefixes (do- and ka-). They contrast with the present form which doesn't use any prefix, hence being the basic verbal form. The past and future prefixes were in old Cukish marked by the auxiliar forms "dau" and "kad", but progressively they got integrated as prefixes due to their natural use together with the verb in all contexts.
Cukish shows four different moods: stative, indicative, imperative and subjunctive. There is no verb as the Staynish "to be" in Cukish: for describing states, location in space or time, or conditions, Cukish verbs use the stative mood, which is the main verb mood and is not marked by any suffix. The other moods are marked by the first suffix of the verbal system. The indicative mood implies that the action described by the verb is, was or will undoubtedly be real, and it uses the suffix "-sti-". Imperative indicates that the action expressed is an order or a prohibition, being marked by the suffix "-ça-". The last mood is subjunctive, the one that marks an unreal action, indicated by the suffix "-azhi-" and usually accompanied by different auxiliar adverbs to indicate the character of this unreal action, such as possibility or impossibility (ego), desire (anéra), etc.
After the mood suffixes the next are the aspect ones. Hence Cukish has perfective, imperfective and resultative aspects. Perfective marks the verbal action as punctual in time or finished, and does not have any suffix. Imperfective indicates the opposite: an unfinished or continued action in time, with the suffix "-no-". Resultative, as the name shows, describes a result: an action that was, is or will be in process but has a determined or undetermined end, using the suffix "-ka-".
The next suffix in the verbal paradigm would be the proper personal suffix, which refers to the subject of the action. However, the personal suffixes along indicate only an active voice, meaning the action is performed by the subject with a different direct object that gets affected by the action; there is another voice in Cukish, the middle-passive voice. This voice is indicated by adding an additional "-fi" to the personal suffix, hence having "-ifi" for the first person singular, "-(e)kfi" for the second singular, "-ofi" for the third singular, etc. The middle-passive voice shows a subject being affected by the verbal action, either due to the subject performing it on itself (middle or reflexive, "I am having a bath", the subject gets the action done on itself) or being object of the action of a different agent ("I am being bathed by someone", the subject receives the action of a different person or entity). In the second case, the agent must be indicated by an auxiliary postposition "hwái" after the agent.
To show how the whole verbal system works, an example sentence will now be presented:
'''''Tamési hwái anéra kadanazhífi''''', "I hope I will be thanked by my friend".
* ''Tamés-i'', personal suffix of first person singular applied to the word ''tamés'', "friend".
* ''hwái'', auxiliary postposition indicating ''tamési'' as an agent ("by").
* ''anéra'', auxiliary adverb marking desire.
* ''kadanazhífi''
** "ka-", future tense prefix.
** "-dan-", verbal root ("to thank").
** "-azhi-", subjunctive mood suffix, desirable action as ''anéra'' already indicates.
** "-fi" is a contract form of the middle-passive first person singular suffix "-ifi", contracted with the final "i" of "-azhi-". The subject is the object of the verbal action.
===Adverbs===
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