Cukish language: Difference between revisions
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{{RP award}}
{{Infobox language
| altname = Leganesian, Neo-Tauríllien
| name = Cukish
| image =
| ethnicity = Cukish
*Laçeríner
*Matréliker
*Valrikan
| nativename = Livaléns
| pronunciation =
| region = [[New Leganés|New Leganés archipelago]], [[Oblivion Islands]], [[Valerijk|Vistari Valerijk]] ([[Vistaraland]]), widely spoken as second language in [[Shoneria]] and a number of states in [[South Hills]], notable minorities in [[Alksearia]], [[Peragen]], [[Vivancantadia]], [[Puntalia]], [[New Puntalia]], [[Norgsveldet]] and [[Great Morstaybishlia]]
| speakers = aprox. 15 million speakers
| date = 2020
| ref =
| speakers2 = 20 million as first or second language
| familycolor = Carjado-Matrélikish
| fam2 = Matrélikish
| fam3 = Arcturian Matrélikish
| fam4 =
| fam5 =
| fam6 =
| fam7 =
| ancestor = Matrélikish
| ancestor2 = Old Cukish
| ancestor3 = Middle Cukish
| ancestor4 =
| ancestor5 =
| script =
| nation =
* [[File:New Leganes flag.png|20px]] [[New Leganes]]
* [[File:Valerijk_Flag.png|20px]] [[Valerijk|Vistari Valerijk]] ([[Vistaraland]])
* [[File:Shflag.PNG|20px]] Baja Utlia ([[South Hills]])
* [[File:Shflag.PNG|20px]] Lado Sereno (South Hills)
* [[File:Shflag.PNG|20px]] Gran Lanjoeste (South Hills)
<br />
Significant minority in
* [[File:Alksearia_flag.png|20px]] [[Alksearia]]
* [[File:Flag_norgsveldet.jpg|20px]] [[Norgsveldet]]
* [[File:South_Peragen_flag.png|20px]] [[Peragen]]
* [[File:Puntaliaflag.png|20px]] [[Puntalia]]
* [[File:Puntaliaflag2.png|20px]] [[New Puntalia]]
* [[File:Fanfic_flag.png|20px]] [[Vivancantadia]]
* [[File:New_MBE_Flag.png|20px]] [[Great Morstaybishlia]]
| agency = Cukish Regulation Academy<br /><small>(Livaléndraile Zhenífkale Académia)</small>
| iso1 = cu
| iso2 = cks
| iso3 =
| lingua =
| notice =
| sign =
| glotto =
| glottorefname =
| map =
| mapcaption =
}}
'''Cukish''' (''Livaléns'' in Cukish) is a Carjado-Matrélikish language that originated in the [[Oblivion Islands]] at some point between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, after which it was spread to the New Leganés archipelago approximately at 6th century AD. It is one of the three official languages of the [[New Leganes|Cooperative Commonwealth of the Impelanzan Ocean]] along with [[wikipedia:Spanish language|Impelanzan]] and [[wikipedia:English language|Staynish]], and it's also a notable language in other countries and territories such as [[Valerijk|Vistari Valerijk]] ([[Vistaraland]]), with the dialect known as [[Valrikan]], and [[Peragen]], [[Vivancantadia]], [[Alksearia]], [[Norgsveldet]], [[Puntalia]], [[New Puntalia]], a number of states in [[South Hills]], and [[Great Morstaybishlia]].
==History==
===Etymology===
The most plausible origin for the Staynish word "Cukish" is a borrowing from the word ''çéqi'' ("island") and its older forms ''chwéqir'' and ''cohwéqir''. The term ''chwéqirle''(''t'') ("from/proper of the islands") was a common demonym in Cukish texts dating from the 9th to 15th centuries, when it became less frequent in favour of the current standard ''Livaléns''. ''Livaléns'', on the other hand, means "the new people": the term was used in the 1275 Nárilethál for the first time, referring to the arrival of the Cukish to the New Leganes archipelago.
==Phonology==
===Phonemes===
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===Nouns and adjectives===
Nouns and adjectives in Cukish have two grammatical numbers: singular and plural, as well as four different cases in its declension: pure (nominative-accusative), genitive, dative and accompanying
Case is marked by case suffixes, these being "-le" for genitive, "-de" for dative and "-ne" for accompanying. Pure case is not marked by any suffix, hence the distinction between subject and direct object is made with a strict organization of nominative being placed before accusative in all sentences. If a word's root has the same letter at the end as the following case suffix, both will merge into a single letter (the word "nafión", "nation", in accompanying case is "nafióne" instead of *nafiónne), while if both letters are phonologically similar, the final letter of the root will get neutralized by the first letter of the suffix ("nafión" in genitive case is "nafiólle" instead of *nafiónle). Number is indicated by adding the suffix "-r" in plural nouns and adjectives, after the case suffix if there is such.
The following will be the full declension of the
{| class="wikitable"
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| Accompanying || Çéqine || Çéqiner
|}
Adjectives share number with the noun they go along with, while they always go before the noun. They can be in positive, comparative or superlative degrees. The positive grade is not marked by any suffix, while the comparative is marked by "-rho" and the superlative by "-eq". The proper number suffix goes after the degree suffix.
===Personal suffixes===
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* 1st plur: -(e)ri
* 2nd plur: -(e)rek
* 3 plur: -(e)
There might be the case when personal suffixes attach to words with roots ending in -i or -o. In these cases, Cukish will act as the following model indicates:
'''Roots in -i'''
''Original root: "érfi" (wing)''
* ''Érfei'' (érfi + i): additional -e- associated to suffixation in order to indicate the possessive.
* ''Érfik''
* ''Érfyo'': final -i describes a glide and switches from a vocalic to a consonantic character.
* ''Érfiri''
* ''Érfirek''
* ''Érfiro''
'''Roots in -o'''
''Original root: "pérho" (dog)''
* ''Perhoí'': the word gets stressed at the final -i in order to break a non-existing diphthong in Cukish.
* ''Pérhok''
* ''Pérheo'' (pérho + -o)
* ''Pérhekri'': a supportive -k- is placed before the plural mark (-r-) to avoid the union of two syllables beginning with trills.
* ''Pérhekrek''
* ''Pérhekro''
Personal suffixes are only added to singular words. In the case of plural words, possession and relation are marked by the genitive case of personal pronouns (''érfir véli, érfir vélek, érfir vélo,'' etc.).
===Pronouns===
'''Pure case (nominative-accusative)''':
* 1st sing: Véi/Yo<ref>"Yo" and "tu" are loanwords from Impelanzan used as 1st and 2nd singular pronouns in the Privéte and Shonerian variants of Cukish. These forms do not affect the regular use of personal suffixes.</ref>
* 2nd sing:
* 3rd sing: Véo
* 1st plur: Véri
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* 2nd sing: Vélek
* 3rd sing: Vélo
* 1st plur:
* 2nd plur:
* 3rd plur: Veléreo
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* 2nd sing: Védek
* 3rd sing: Védo
* 1st plur:
* 2nd plur: Vedérek
* 3rd plur: Vedéreo
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===Verbs===
The Cukish verbal system is based mostly on prefixation and suffixation to indicate all the elements the verbal action refers to: tense, mood, aspect, voice and person. This can lead to verbs with multiple morphemes that make Cukish to be classified in this regard as
Tense is indicated by prefixes. Current day Cukish has three tenses: present, past and future, with the last two marked by their respective prefixes (do- and ka-). They contrast with the present form which doesn't use any prefix, hence being the basic verbal form. The past and future prefixes were in old Cukish marked by the auxiliar forms "dau" and "kad", but progressively they got integrated as prefixes due to their natural use together with the verb in all contexts.
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===Invariable words===
Cukish describes different types of invariable words. The most used is the copulative suffix -ka, equivalent to the Staynish "and", used to indicate that two different words or phrases perform the same function in the syntactic context. In enumeration contexts, formal Staynish and Impelanzan use commas to indicate the different elements of the aformentioned enumeration, with the last term being preceded by "and" ("New Leganés, the Oblivion Islands ''and'' Shoneria"). There are two possibilities in Cukish: the first one is, essentially, the same structuring Staynish uses ("Livá Leganéasle, Etomúrni Çéqirle Shonerialé''ka''"), but there is a second possibility, which is indicating every term with a -ka ("Livá Leganeaslé''ka'' Etomúrni Çeqirlé''ka'' Shonerialé''ka''"). This proceeding has been falling in disuse during the last centuries: it was the original way to enumerate, but it has been progressively assimilated by the Staynish influence following the Morstaybishlian rule of most Cukish-speaking areas. It is still used in very formal contexts, but is rarely attested.
==Syntax==
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==Vocabulary==
===Word creation===
The suffix -ma indicates a projection of a certain concept into another concept, most usually abstract. In this sense, the suffix -ma is found in the word "istárema", meaning "group of loved ones" or "family" from the original word "istáre", "love".
===Numerals===
The Cukish numeral for "one", éhwi, shows the original root, unlike the rest of numerals, which have the plural suffix -r. The first ten are the following:
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# Zhasér
# Indóvir
===Animals===
* Pérho (dog)
* Imáni (cat)
* Óntu (fish)
* Qáhwi (bird)
* Váke (cow)
* Hwérko (pig)
* Vími (mouse)
* Váyo (horse)
* Érfi (wing)
* Etomúrde (animal, "non-speaker")
===Common expressions===
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Thanks: '''Dáni''' ("I am thankful")
Thank you: '''
Thank you so much: '''Káler
Please: '''Si rádek/radérek''' ("if it's possible for you" singular/plural)
==Notes==
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Sammy's links]] [[Category:New Leganes]] [[Category:RP Award Winners]]
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